Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Paper Romeo and Juliet Paper Good morning Ms Spillane and fellow classmates. Act 1 scene 5 sees Tybalt furious about Romeo, Benvolio, and Mercutio being able to stay at the Capulets ball. Today through an interior monologue I will give you a better understanding of the thoughts going through Tybalts mind after the ball. I will explore Tybalts personality in the process. How dare that filthy Montague dance with fare Juliet. If he thinks he can just stroll in here and dance with a Capulet then hes asking for trouble. She fell right into dirty arms; tomorrow she will just be another one of Romeos girl. How could a Montague ever be a guest of ours? How could someone of such low caliber be allowed to join us Capulets. I have been brought up all my life to hate Montagues, yet Master Capulet allows that dirty scum into the house. To be a real man in this world you have to show honour. Allowing dirty Montagues into our house shows not honour, but dishonor. That family wouldnt be hated so much if they hadnt have kill ed my father. An innocent man he was, fighting for his freedom, the pain that comes to mind when I think of the topic is unbearable. I will fight for the respect that I show towards my father. I will live my life in the way my father would have wanted me to. He was my role model and the Montagues tortured an innocent man, he didnt kill Master Montague, yet my father was put to death. I will fight till death. This has been the worst night of my life, being in the presence of such trash. How could Capulet let not only intruders, but Montagues into our household? How dare he dishonor the Capulet name? Is the great Capulet going to listen to the Prince? Is he going to end the Great War? The feud will go on between us and Im going to make sure it does. I could have killed Romeo there and then tonight. I could have killed a Montague. I would have brought great pride to the Capulet name. I can see the headlines around the papers now Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet Essay I think the main turning point in this scene is Romeo reading the letter (invitation) from the illiterate servant, Shakespeare makes this scene fit perfectly in the play by getting the party in where Romeo and Juliet first meet. The thing that stimulates Romeo to attend the party is the invitation, which had Rosalines name on it. Earlier Romeo was talking about her with Benvolio and said that he was madly in love with her. Not mad, but bound more then a madman is (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55).Capulet and Paris are in the middle of a conversation, Capulet says that he and Montague had become old and should stop the ongoing family rivalry. Paris asks for Juliets hand in marriage. Capulet indirectly approves the proposal but asks for two summers (two years) to pass because Juliet is still young. My child is still a stranger to the world, she hath not seen the change of fourteen years (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).In lines 32 33 Capulet gives similar advice that Benvolio gave to Romeo, h e asks Paris to look at other lades and compare them with Juliet. Capulet shows that he is a very loving father who is concerned about Juliets future and well being (letting her chose who she marries) but we see a very different approach later in the play. In this scene Capulet express more love for Juliet when he states, Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 10 -15). This might mean that Capulet had other children that had died.After reading the letter and the strong urge from Benvolio, Romeo decides to go to the party (in the next scene). Different events unfold step by step, some of which are predictable while others come as an extensive surprise. The audience get an ounce of an idea that Romeo is going to meet Juliet at the party.The feeling of risks, guilt and suspense begins to creep in this scene; there was a street fight at the beginning of the play, but that was quite ordinary due to the ongoing family feud. This scene changes the whole plot of th e story because if Romeo had never read the invitation then he wouldnt have attended the party. The heart of the drama is the conflict between the two families and the love between Romeo and Juliet.Both Romeo and Juliet have to conquer a mental war; desire versus responsibility. For Romeo who is an adventurous and emotional young man, who is also quite immature at the beginning of the play, his desire overcame his responsibility. He is vastly unpredictable because at the beginning of the play it seems that he is madly in love with Rosaline and he wont give her up, but later we find out that he looses all his feelings towards her when he meets Juliet. I think he was quite irresponsible when he didnt have a second thought towards Juliet, he should have thought about all the complications and the consequence. Later in the play Romeo takes some responsibility when he tried to make peace with Tybalt. He took great risks and truly loved Juliet. He is also quite emotional, and a little bit softhearted looking for the easy way out when he thought he lost Juliet.Likewise Juliet who is very young (less then fourteen years) is a very obedient and conventional upper class daughter and is loyal to the father. When she falls in love with Romeo she dramatically changes. She begins to show a very practical side to her character and proves to be very determined and independent minded. She is intelligent and perceptive, possibly more so then Romeo. She is utterly loyal to Romeo and defies the whole world for him. She easily could have chose Paris was a gentleman but stayed loyal. She is prepared to risk taking a very dangerous drug to fake her death so that she could be with Romeo. She accepts death willingly when fate had turned against both of them at the end.This scene creates the whole plot and storyline in the play. The scene also creates many problems and opens a path for further things to come. For example the indirect approval of Paris offer to marry Juliet creates a ma ssive problem for Romeo, Juliet and especially Friar Lawrence. The party hosted by Capulet is where Romeo and Juliet met.In the earlier scene Romeo was expressing his love for Rosaline, which was the sheer reason of him attending the party. In the next scene when he attends the party, he briefly meets Juliet and each of them learn of each others love and identity.Id say there are three main parts in this scene:; The conversation between Capulet and Paris; When the servant is wondering what to do with the letter; When Benvolio and Romeo are talking to each otherHowever it is possible to break these scenes down to smaller parts.At the beginning of the scene Capulet admits that he is willing to keep peace. For men so old as we to keep the peace (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 1-5).Capulet and Paris enter in the middle of a conversation where they were discussing the peace. After some time in the conversation Paris starts to flatter Capulet with his speech and asks for Juliets hand in marriage. B ut now my lord what do you say to my suit (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).Capulet replies by saying that Juliet is too young to get married and still is a stranger to this world; he is also replying Paris for the second time. But saying oer what I have said before (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 10 -15).After getting an indirect acceptance of his proposal from Capulet, Paris still requests that the time is right. Younger then she are happier mothers made (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 5 -10).Capulet still believes that Juliet is too young to get married and renews his thoughts to Paris. Capulet invites Paris to a feast saying that there will be many attractive women and he should compare them to Juliet. Paris is very keen to marry Juliet and on the other hand Juliet is totally against the idea (after meeting Romeo). She is not willing to exchange Romeo for Paris who is a well-respected Gentleman.I think Juliet is too young to even think about getting married. Although in the olden days girls probably use d to get married younger; thirteen years is far too young to make the kind of decisions she made. She took many risks and followed her heart. At this age, one would assume she would give up one passion (Romeo) for another (Paris) but she didnt. Before here meeting with Romeo she seemed to be a very obedient daughter, but later all this changed dramatically.Capulet suggests that old men are better to keep the peace than young men and better to keep their tempers then young men. And in act this proves to be largely true. It is young men who lose their tempers and get involved in stupid fights. However it is also true that Capulet and lady Capulet show them selves of keeping their tempers with Juliet.Shakesphire shows the issue of behaving moderately more concerned with old people who can behave responsibly, where as young people are to challengeable and passionate.Friar Lawrence is constantly arguing immoderate passions but without success.In Romeo and Juliet the parents dont come out as responsible people, especially Juliets parents, who are more concerned with social success, prestigious marriage for their daughter, then they are in making them happy. At the beginning of the scene it seems that Capulet is a very carrying and considerate father who will let Juliet decide who she will marry, but we find out differently later in the play. I think Juliet has the right to decide whom she gets married to. Capulet tells Paris that his agreement will only be a part of the decision for Paris to marry Juliet, and that Juliet will have to also agree.Capulet plays a larger role then Montague in the play. He is shown to be very understanding but as a matter of fact is quite aggressive, especially towards Juliet near the end of the play.The characters that participate in this scene are Capulet, an unpredictable father; Paris, a smart gentleman who wants Juliets hand in marriage; Capulets servant who is illiterate and not very cleaver (he muddles his words up); Romeo, an adv entures young man and Benvolio his friend.I think the impression we got from this scene was misleading because Capulet is shown to be calm and considerate but we learn otherwise and Romeo seem to be very irresponsible and quite straight forward but isnt.The characters that are at the heart of the scene are Capulet, Paris and Romeo. Capulet and Paris do most of the gossip while Romeo shares his feelings with Benvolio. The servant played quite an important role because if Romeo didnt read the invitations then the story could not have proceeded.Although Juliet does not participate in this scene she is greatly the main subject of speech between Capulet and Paris. When we discover that Romeo is going to attend the party we have a suspicion that Romeo will meet Juliet.I think every main character is affected by the events of this scene.Romeo Door opens to meet Juliet, gets banished and commits suicide.Juliet Door opens to meet Romeo, rejects proposal from Paris and commits suicide.Capul et looses loyalty from his daughter, gets aggressive, makes peace with Montague.Montague Looses his son and makes peace with Capulet.Tybalt Fights with Romeo and gets killed.Paris doesnt marry Juliet and gets killed.Friar Lawrence gives drug to Juliet, explained what happened.There are not many arguments in this scene; Paris is flattering Capulet in order to gain approval of his proposal to Juliet. Romeo and Benvolio are talking to each other like normal friends.This scene shows that Romeo is a normal young man who is madly in love, he uses many metaphors in his speech such as, Not mad, but bound more than a madman is (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55). Romeo is quite adventures and not as hard hearted as most of the characters. Romeo is shown to be a very irresponsible person but that dramatically changes in the play. We learn just how much he loves Rosaline, even though we learn later that his love for Rosaline is very shallow. This can cause a doubt over the extant of Romeos love for Juliet, but I think his love for Juliet is as deep as he claims it to be because he dies for her at the end.Some conflicts can be resolved. When Romeo refused to fight Tybalt he thought he had a solution to the problem, he accepted looking like a coward. However his solution didnt work; instead he later ended up killing Tybalt due to the fact that Tybalt killed his friend Mercutio.An underlying problem, Romeo and Juliet are trying to live in an idealistic way in a society, which is not idealistic at all. They are practicing love in a society, which is full of hate. They are Romantic in a cynical society, which is focused on wealth and sex.We get to know the characters by their speech, especially Paris. Paris is shown to be a smart person who is very intelligent and persuasive. However unlike Paris, Romeo is shown to be a person who is not concerned in worldly matters except love. His metaphors are not connected with each other. Benvolio is a good friend to Romeo who gives him a dvice; he also cares for his well-being.Romeo talks in contradictions, for example when discussing love with Benvolio he says, not mad, but bound more then a madman is: shut up in prison, kept without my food, whipped and tormented. (Act 1 Scene 2, lines 50 -55).The image of stars; Capulet talks about stars walking the earth, what he means is that women walking around as beautiful stars. Shakesphire uses the image of stars quite often. Later, when Romeo is desperate thinking Juliet has died, he defies the stars, but this time the stars mean something quite different. When he is defying the stars, he is defying the heavens, which in those days was thought of as the place where God lived, and so he is really defying God.Capulet uses some figures of speeches, which are rather typical of shakesphires writing when he makes comments about all his other children that are dead and have been buried.In Act 1 Scene 1 the immediate thing that happened leading up to the scene was Romeo and Benvo lio talking about Romeos love. This scene (Act 1 Scene 2) sets up the whole storyline in the play and makes other events unfold in due time (e.g. the party).I think Juliets Parents are trying to do what they think is best for her. If there had not been a family conflict then they would possibly have had no problem with Juliet meeting Romeo; except maybe for the issue of age. Juliet is motivated and very determined to follow her inexperienced heart.I conclude by saying that this scene is one of the most important scene in the play. It changes the whole flow of the story changing everything, creating dilemmas and causing characters to take desperate risks. Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet Essay romeo and juliet is adapted from the play written by Shakespeare, it is about two rivaling families, the Capulets and the Montagues, they have been feuding for generations, one day the daughter of Capulet and the son of Montague meet and fall in love at first sight. However forced to keep their love a secret many bad things happen to them eventually resorting in untimely death and despair for both families. Baz Luhrmann wanted his film to reflect the play almost exactly and used clever mise en scene to do so. The mise en scene at the beginning of the party sequence reveals Capulet mansion lit up then it cuts to Romeo his mask is being placed upon his face, his disguise, inside the mansion the music begins and lots of dancing starts to happen at which point it shows Romeo spinning. This is to let us know that Romeo is on drugs, in the previous scene he had taken a drug given to him by Mercutio, all around him things are moving in slow motion the scene then quickly turns manic this is evident by everyone moving faster than normal which is mirrored through camera movement and the type of music playing. The camera then focuses on Mercutio singing and having a good time being the center of attention. Mise en scene here is really playing with the viewer by showing Mercutio as the center of attention and getting the viewer to be inside the mind of Romeo and his life being friends with someone like Mercutio so we can relate to him. The director uses this upbeat music and dancing to emphasize the atmosphere in the Capulet mansion. Everyone is having a good time getting drunk and dancing, while Romeo is starting to feel out of place and trying to find a way out, this is shown by the hand held camera suddenly starting to dart around. All the sounds are significantly louder and sharper than usual because Romeo is high and his senses are very acute so he can here every little thing. You notice that in this scene the camera cuts from Romeo to Mercutio to Capulet to Tybalt, it doesnt focus on one person, which again helps us know how Romeo might be feeling. At the very beginning you do get the feeling of Romeo being very intimidated by all the people around him, this lets us know that he probably hasnt taken drugs like that before. The way that the camera starts to circle Romeo shows that he is slowly becoming almost unconscious and the scene moves cleverly on as if the changing of the location is also the change happening in Romeos mind. The costume he wears adds to the mise en scene his armour represents his role in the film, he is the knight who saves Juliet who is in the form of an angel, thats how everyone sees her. Capulet is a god because he rules over the mansion and his wife is Cleopatra who was the Queen of Egypt but here is the queen of the mansion. Later on we see him with his head in the water, we see him take off his mask and throws it in the basin. This might suggest that his fake identity has fallen another form of mirroring. When the mask comes off the music then starts to slowly play, the music is slow to suggest a romantic moment is about to happen, the director is playing with our emotions here. He knows what is going to happen next so he is giving us a clue, and keeping us on the edge of our seats constantly. The music soothes Romeo as he takes in everything around him everyone else also becomes still and quiet taking in the beauty of the song. It also reflects the mood of Romeo he is quite sultry and so the music is added to compliment this, it is a score about that first moment kissing someone, this is key to the sequence as later on we see Romeo and Juliet kissing in the elevator. It is a very obvious contrast to the previous music. Before he moves away from the sink the camera cuts to a point of view shot of him looking around, this could suggest that someone is watching him. He then walks towards the fish tank and the camera or person is tracking him as again we watch him from behind, this time though he spots what ever is watching him and turns around to face Juliet. This really adds to the mood of the scene, as it is quite a romantic moment as they both follow each others eyes, flirting, the tank clearly being a symbol of the barrier between their love. The fish also could represent a different world that they are both in. The camera movement is very slow here so as not to distract us from what is clearly emerging between them. Its almost as if the camera is our eyes following their every move like a spy, the camera mirrors Romeos movements. Then there is a long romantic scene where Romeo and Juliet use a lot of eye contact in their flirting and the camera doesnt move too much except it cuts to Romeo and Juliet separately to see each others reaction but while you see one reaction you see the other through the fish tank. Which is nice and simple but very effective because its almost as if there already, she can look but she cant touch and its the same with him. Its all interrupted when the nurse comes in and all of a sudden the camera focuses on Juliet being taken away by the nurse by jumping from focusing on Romeo chasing Juliet to the nurse dragging Juliet away. This is very clever because it takes us out of our romantic trance and back to the real world where we know that Romeo and Juliet cannot be together. When the nurse and Juliet are rushing back to the party Romeo rushes after them. This is reflected in the camera movement as it has gone from moving slowly and smoothly to rough and fast. Neither the camera nor the characters stop moving till Juliet is forced to dance with Paris. Her mother who is the one forcing her to dance is now pleased that she has gained some control over her daughter. Paris is wearing an astronaughts costume this could quite easily suggest that he thinks very highly of himself. When they start dancing the camera becomes still again and the music lowers back down, this is so we can focus on the couple dancing, we know that Juliet is not interested in Paris which makes this shot even more interesting. This scene has the potential to be romantic but is deliberately interrupted by Mercutio insisting that Romeo leaves.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Things fall apart Essays

Things fall apart Essays Things fall apart Paper Things fall apart Paper Essay Topic: Things Fall apart Chinua Achebes masterpiece Things Fall Apart, published in 1959, was sold over two million times in the United States and over eight million times worldwide. Chinua Achebe is one of the great intellectual and ethical figures of our time, says Leon Botstein, President of the Bard College. (Back of the Book) Certainly, the novel shows ethnical issues among tribes, which were evoked at the time of colonialism. Umuofia, an Ibo tribe in Africa, which had its unique language, its dignified culture and a value system that had continued for many years as they trace back into their ancestry. Okonkwo, the protagonist of the novel, represents the uniqueness of the culture; its best and worst with his own rises and falls, which unfortunately ends with death. Things Fall Apart deals with the social and psychological conflicts that were created by the invasion of the white men and their own culture. Achebe particularly shows the destruction of the African tribes and the negative aspects that were arising, due to the imposition of the western cultures. The Ibo people had their own unique culture, in which they truly believed in. Every tribe in Africa had their own culture, their own beliefs and languages. The villages were never the same, for example Umuofia, the village of Okonkwo. Umuofias inhabitants believed in the chi, or personal god. It determined much of a persons destiny and character. When a man says yes his chi says yes also (page 27). But at the same time, one did not challenge his or her chi. The Ibo religion had a tendency to symbolize numerous gods. They had a god for every different natural phenomenon that occurred. They also valued greatness and courage. The main character Okonkwo, obsessed with greatness, was honoured by the tribe. He was a great wrestler and had gotten many titles at a young age, which reflected his power and his will to fight. Weak people were not welcomed. They were mostly the kind of people that were called efulefu, worthless, empty men. (p. 143) The tribe hold tight to these beliefs and every man therefore tried to reach greatness, by getting titles. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten (p. 7). They also had the ilo, the place where all important ceremonies are held. This tribe was unique. It was pure, since no foreigner lived there. Most of them did not even see a white man. At the time when the Westerners came to Umuofia, they knew that changes are going to occur, but were not aware of the danger. Showing both kindness and strong belief in their own religion, the missionaries succeeded in converting the Africans little by little into Christianity. They managed to change the perspectives of the natives and moved them slowly away from their original religion and beliefs. Even though the natives knew that this change is not to be denied, they did not really take any action against it, since they did not realize the dangerous situation for them and their culture. The elders consulted their Oracle and it told them that the strange men would break their clan and spread destruction among them. (p. 138) Okonkwo was the only one who was aware of the danger that the interaction would bring with it. First, when his own tribe particularly was not affected by the whites he said, They were fools; they had been warned that danger was ahead. They should have armed themselves with their guns and their machetes even when they went to market. (p. 140) But this is exactly the tragedy that Okonkwo had to face with his own tribe. They knew what was going on but they did too little to resist against it. The missionaries had come to Umuofia. They had built there church there, won a handful of converts and were already sending evangelists to the surrounding towns and villages. That was a source of great sorrow to the leaders of the clan; but many of them believed that the strange faith and white mans god would not last. (p. 143) When the people of Umuofia started to realize the whole situation, destruction had already come. In a tribal society, the most important thing is the unity of the members, the absolute obedience to the ruling of the elders and the gods and the goddess. This is lost when some of them get attracted to missionaries who arrive and teach them the western way of life, like the twins and the son of Okonkwo, Nwoye. Nwoye did not fully understand. But he was happy to leave his father (Page 152). Many people got converted into Christianity, since their African culture was really strict and rules were to follow precisely. If you do not follow the rules, or if you are something or someone that is said to be osu, the outcast, or said to be damned by the gods and goddess of the tribe, you had no rights and were excluded of the village. For example, twins were not allowed in the Umuofian culture. Unfortunately, these lead to an increasing openness to the western thoughts and religion and eventually allowed the Europeans to exploit and make the Africans weak. When Okonkwo was sent to exile, he heard about all this, but he did not think it will truly happen. It was only after his return, when he realized that everything had changed. People did not truly believe in their culture anymore and it was not like what he wanted it to be. The Westerners had destroyed everything that was valuable for him. But he wanted to fight against them. He was not willing to give up. I shall fight alone if I choose (Page 201). He symbolizes the tribe, because as he rises and falls, the village has its ups and downs, too. At the end it is a tragedy that he commits suicide, but he dies in a martyr death. He kills himself, because he sees the deterioration of his village, and he sees that no one reacts to it; therefore he wants the people to realize the danger and wants them not to give their unique culture. He would rather die in disgrace than seeing his culture fall apart. And that is what happens at the end. His tribe realized too late that their culture had been torn apart by the Westerners. The novel shows the destruction of an African tribe due to the imposition of the Western people. It shows how bad it can be to convert people to another culture, forcing them to leave their own behind. It destroys their uniqueness and all their beliefs. They do not know what is right and what is wrong anymore, since foreign people with foreign believes tell them what to do. The ones that impose do not understand about the values of the native culture and what they mean to the people. Looking at Okonkwo, it is a tragic story that should open our eyes and make us start realizing that no one should try to force another culture or an individual to change their beliefs and. Because everyone has their own beliefs and own culture that they follow and that they appreciate. As a result, we shall not break the peace and we shall not do something that will harm others, which will eventually lead to violence and destruction of ones culture.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Accounting methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting methods - Research Paper Example â€Å"Implications of IFRS Conversion on US Tax Accounting Methods† is an article written by Christine Turgeon.This paper discusses the impacts of conversion of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles to International Financial Reporting Standards In the view of Turgeon, Rabinowitz, and Wong (2008), IFRS conversion causes a change in book and tax accounting methods which will have a direct effect on the company’s income tax reporting, cash taxes payable, and tax compliance. Many scholars are of the opinion that IFRS conversion would lead to hundreds of book accounting method changes. In contrast, some experts argue that most of these book changes would not result changes in tax accounting methods. However, it has been observed that IFRS conversion mandatorily requires certain changes with tax accounting methods. For instance, IFRS does not allow the use of GAAP and hence it necessitates the mandatory replacement of some old practices such as LIFO method. The tax accoun ting method issues associated with IFRS conversion may cause difficulties to companies’ cash taxes. The IFRS system does not permit the application of LIFO inventory method and this situation may cause the recapture of the tax LIFO reserve over four taxable years even though longer spread periods have been suggested. The structural difference between GAAP and IFRS also creates problems in the leasing process. Accounting practitioners opine that IFRS conversion would hasten the recognition of advance payments.... The IFRS has designed more liberal terms for private companies regarding income tax reporting. On the other hand, it is mandatory for the publicly held companies to adopt IFRS as they issues publicly traded debt securities. Hence, the difficulties related to income tax reporting hurt the public companies more. As discussed earlier, IFRS conversion and thereby the tax accounting method troubles raise a series of complications to companies’ cash taxes. Sometimes, it adversely affects the computation of book tax differences; and such conditions will impede income tax reporting process also. Precisely, public companies are more affected by income tax issues than private firms. 3. Impact of IFRS on college students/professors The IFRS conversion will largely affect professors as well as student groups. To illustrate, as this system’s complete structure has not been framed yet, the IFRS and its features are not included in the academic curriculum. Educational institutions wou ld not include IFRS topic in their academic syllabus until there is a precise assistance from the SEC for large companies and some evidences on what may happen with private companies. Even the accounting professors have no precise idea regarding this concept. Therefore, students do not get an opportunity to assess different strengths and weaknesses of this new idea to distinguish between GAAP and IFRS. It is noticed that even experienced accounting professionals possess little knowledge about the complex features of the IFRS. Since students do not get the basic ideas of IFRS from their primary classes, they will face further difficulties in understanding this method in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Discuss the role of nature, its character and its significance in the Essay - 1

Discuss the role of nature, its character and its significance in the fellowship of the ring. from the book lord of the rings - Essay Example Nature has its own characterization that features a unique duality: one, ideal and benign; and, aggressively cruel in the other. The reader first learns about nature during Bilbo’s birthday celebration when village talk drifts towards the Old Forest, a â€Å"dark bad place† and unfit to be lived in. As the story unfolded later on, this side to nature would be reinforced by how Mirkwood and Fangorn were described. When Merry and Pippin, for instance, find themselves deep in the Fangorn Forest, their impression demonstrates the perceived hostility of the place. At one point, Pippin quips, â€Å"It is all very dim, and stuffy, in here† later on commenting about the â€Å"weeping, trailing, beards and whiskers of lichen,† underscoring the â€Å"frightfully tree-ish† environs wherein no animals or hobbits could endure. In the Fellowship of the Ring, the bad nature has been sufficiently covered. Gimli, at some point in the quest remarks about the reputation of Caradhras as a cruel mountain and that, true to the stories, it has, indeed, attempted to impede their quest as well. Then there is, of course, Old Man Willow who lulls the Hobbits to sleep and traps Merry and Pippin inside. Without the intervention of Tom Bombadill, they would have been eaten and crushed. Tom admonished the miscreant tree, saying â€Å"you should not be waking. Eat earth! Dig deep! Drink water! Go to sleep!† According to Treebeard, later on in the story in his conversation with his Hobbit friends, some trees â€Å"have bad hearts† as well and so when people are not friendly towards them, they become aggressive in response. The other character of nature is demonstrated in the way the author paints an ecological utopia such as that of the Shire. It is inhabited by peaceful creatures who loathe machines and are content with tilling the earth. This characterization is a potent demonstration of how nature at its best is supposed to be, untouched by man’s greed and abuse. Take for instance

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Resume Essay Example for Free

Resume Essay If it has been more than three months since you attended an educational institution, please describe what you have been doing in the interval? As described in my resume, after receiving my Masters Degree at Columbia University, I have been working on various research projects. Immediately after graduation, I had great pleasure to work with Pr.  Doran Warren as Research assistant, researching urban conflicts around Wal-mart. This opportunity has given me an excellent chance to apply my analytical and quantitative skills in professional setting. Further, this research opportunity has become a solid ground for my own research efforts and interests that has resulted in developing and working on my first professional academic essay. During my time off since graduation I have also been provided with opportunity to work as a legal aid assistant for common ground in New Orleans helping families who have lost their homes and can’t afford to handle paper work and to pay lawyers who are needed to navigate the bureaucracy of property rights issues. Also I have been involved in my own community of Bronx New York, where I have worked as a Volunteer and Organizer educating my community about the upcoming presidential elections (the details of my duties are described in my resume).

Friday, November 15, 2019

Inequality in the European Union (EU) Essay -- European Union Essays

Cumulative European Union (EU) enlargements to include relatively less developed countries such as Bulgaria and Romania, along with the possibility of future EU status being granted to Turkey and Albania (EC, 2011), raises further questions about inequality in the European Union. The global recession has bought the issue of labour market models and resulting inequities back into the forefront political discourse, as government cutbacks necessitate the reappraisal of welfare states and labour market policy. This essay will analyse both differing labour market models and the EU labour market as a whole to explain why EU countries have heterogeneous inequities. Overall, within countries, differing interplay of welfare states, varieties of capitalism and employment structures has a profound effect on levels of inequality within labour markets; particularly post EU-crisis when rapid change exacerbated many inequalities. Additionally, the macro EU labour market would appear to create ineq uality, particularly because of the free movement of labour. It seems despite having a labour market branded as homogenous (SiniÄ Ãƒ ¡kovà ¡, 2011), Europe’s interacting varieties of capitalism and employment legislation have created a heterogeneous continent; with equally diverse inequalities. Gosta Esping-Andersen’s 1990 book The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism remains a convenient starting point for examining the capacity different labour models have to create inequality. Despite criticism for being out-dated and of limited relevance given the homogenous nature of Andersen’s typologies, their intuitive coherence means they go some way in explaining patterns of inequality in the EU (Goodin, 1999). The liberal model of welfare capitalism puts ma... ...dersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press. Hall, P., & Soskice, D. (2001). Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantage. (P. Hall & D. Soskice, Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rosewarne, S. (2010). Globalisation and the Commodification of Labour: Temporary Labour Migration. The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 20(2), 99–110. Schmid, K. D., & Stein, U. (2013). Explaining Rising Income Inequality in Germany, 1991-2010. IMK, 32(1), 1–45. SiniÄ Ãƒ ¡kovà ¡, M. (2011). Homogeneity of the European Union from the Point of View of Labour Market. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 17–28. Spicker, P. (2008). Social policy: themes and approaches (p. 307). Policy Press. Standing, G. (1999). Global labour flexibility: Seeking distributive justice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Difference Between Leadership and Management Essay

What is leadership? What is management? Leadership and management are two words that are considered synonymous but describe two distinct concepts. Both are needed in a successful organization. Leadership and management together will build and maintain a successful organization. Interest in leadership in the American culture increased in the early twentieth century and continues to development in context. Behavioral theories evolved to today’s transformational leadership and visionary leadership. All the theories are attempting to identify leadership traits and behaviors. Leadership Term Paper: Excerpt If the role of situations is vital in matters of self-control, how much more significant must it be in connection with social control and leadership. If â€Å"character varies from situation to situation,† then it is fair to assume that leadership likewise varies. Consistency of behavior is doubtless a leadership trait, but behavior may vary according to situations, even on the part of any person. A person may be generally consistent in some situations and inconsistent in others. It is apparently necessary, therefore, to study situations in relation to personality reactions in order to account for ability, or for failure, to lead. Leadership Term Papers: Excerpt Situational leadership often explains leadership unevenness. A person may use leadership technique in a situation for which it is not intended with the result that it does not work well, or it fails. Every after dinner speaker has told more than one joke which he thought appropriate but which â€Å"fell flat,† because there were situational factors that the speaker did not suspect. Whenever a situation contains factors that a leader does not take into consideration, his leadership is endangered. A wise leader â€Å"knows his situations,† or else his leadership displays much unevenness. Leadership Research Paper: Excerpt The situational nature of leadership explains why a leader sometimes seems to contradict himself and to act like a hypocrite even though he loathes hypocrisy. It often happens, as any leader in an administrative position can testify, that a person may act sincerely and honestly in each of two different situations and find that he has contradicted himself, simply because the two situations are contradictory in certain particulars. Loyalty in one situation may contradict loyalty in another. A leader who desires to please is especially subject to this dilemma. Leadership vs. Management There are several distinctions between thoughts of management and leadership; some of the key points are discussed below. I believe that effective management ceases to reach its potential without respected leadership. Although leadership and management are necessary ingredients to creating actualized organizations. 1.Management implements the structures and tasks to create a holistic team of productive employees, while leadership sets the vision and creates an atmosphere where the teams commit to the mission and are encouraged to reach their potential. Management is more of a hands-on approach to ensure leaderships vision and strategy is in congruence with the companies operations. One of the goals of management is to ensure the organization effectively deploys of resources. One of the major goals of leadership is to assist customers and employees to understand the values and mission of the organization while having the responsibility of ensuring those constituencies are committed to the organizations value offering. I feel that leadership responsibility is to identify what the change initiatives need to be in conjunction with employees, customers and suppliers while management’s responsibility is to ensure effective implementation of those initiatives. According to Senge; profound change initiatives invariability lead people to a heightened sense of meaning and aspiration. Leadership has the responsibility to ensure the opportunity for meaning and aspiration occur within the organization, great leaders strive to continually inspire such. Management has the opportunity to see to it that meaning and aspiration is actually being achieved while leadership creates the atmosphere for it to thrive. 1.Management challenges the vision of the company, which was created by leadership as to ensure the desired results are being achieved, while leadership identifies continual opportunities for a greater vision. According to Nonaka (quoted from Dance of Change), â€Å"A company is not a machine but a living organism. Much like an individual, it can have a collective sense of identity and shared purpose†¦ a shared understanding of what the company stands for†. Leadership must create opportunities for that shared vision and collective sense of identity to emerge. Leadership can inspire this to happen through management developing initiatives within cross-department relationship building and teamwork building. Management has the responsibility to ensure this takes place while leadership sets the strategy and places the goals high on the corporate agenda. Leadership sets the priorities, while management gets the priorities done. Among many other tasks, Leadership has the responsibility to: 1.Develop an overall strategic vision for the organization or team 2.In conjunction with the organization, drive the desired results 3.Enable an atmosphere which encourages cross-functional teamwork 4.Be in-touch with the organization at all levels 5.Asks the high-level questions and ensures the answers are understood by all in the organization 6.Encourages the organization to explore alternatives and better ways of doing business 7.Assists the organization to see the big picture In contrast among other tasks, management has the following responsibilities: 1.Management includes the actual coordination of processes and work-flows 2.Includes the process of evaluating resources, assessment and measurement of various pieces throughout the organizations 3.Management includes ensuring that all feedback, comments, and innovative change initiative ideas are brought to the forefront of the decision making process 4.Seeks to make the planning process a more successful endeavor 5.Helps to implement the answers to the big questions into best practices for the organization The Role of Leadership in Strategy The role of leadership in strategy includes many facets some that are tangible and some that are not. For example the role of leadership in strategy is to determine what the big picture is and to ensure the organization has a plan for discovering those answers to the big questions. I believe the role of leadership in developing strategy is to create many areas of possibility for the organization and to create an atmosphere where employees feel committed to creating those possibilities. The example provided by Senge about what was happening in South Africa in the early 1990’s is a great one. Leadership of South Africa was trying to develop a set of alternative stories about what might happen in South Africa. They came together and developed several stories and tried to examine what the country will look like in the future. Leadership in fact, was trying to shape and define the story and to have this story be as positive as possible for the country. I believe the same high-level story development is the main responsibility of leadership in strategy for an organization at all levels. The role is for the leadership to define how they want the company to interact in the world and to develop a story that is much bigger than the organization. This story must be believed by all participants in the organization and must be walked the talk by leadership. For example the role of leadership in defining one of the key tenants for Whole Foods is â€Å"We Sell the Highest Quality Natural and Organic Products Available†. The role of leadership in developing this strategy is key to the companies fundamental belief system, and many of the employees and customers are committed to this strategy. The role of leadership is to create the vision and ensure it is in real congruence with the organizational realty. How is leadership critical to realizing strategy? I believe without leadership, strategy cannot be truly realized for a sustainable period. For example if there lacks a person or people who rise above and create the vision and see to it, that it is a manifestation throughout the organization, the strategy will be lost at sea. The waves of business cycles and changing resources will ensure the strategy is tossed and turned and will not go on a path toward true-fulfillment of the highest levels of success. Leadership sets the stage for strategy by asking the core questions, shaping the vision, and allowing for an atmosphere, which encourages the awareness and commitment to the strategy. Leadership is critical: 1.It creates a vessel for continuous improvement and adaptation of strategy 1.Ensures the proper questions are asked and answered 2.Creates an atmosphere for growth and change 3.Demonstrates effective behavior 4.Tries to get the highest potential out of resources 5.Creates the strategic vision 6.Brings together key aspects of the strategy The world we live in is changing at an alarming rate as a result of all the new discoveries that have been made over the years. These new discoveries have been aided by the availability of better learning facilities and equipment. These were not available in the early days. As scientists continue to discover and invent new equipment, the world is adapting them and incorporating them in the societies. As a result, the world we are living in is heavily dependent on inventions and machines to carry out tasks. Moreover, as a result of the advanced technology, people are getting more intelligent hence they are able carry out more researches of their own as well as make their own new inventions. In the medical world this has eased management as well as other treatment methods such as surgery.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Health Promotion in Realtion to a Midwife Essay

In 1946 the World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. This definition integrates the main concepts of health and identifies that health can be viewed differently by individuals and groups (Bowden, 2006). Health and well-being are the result of a combination of physical, social, intellectual and emotional factors (Dunkley, 2000a). The concept of health promotion has emerged with the increasing realisation in society that our health is one of our most valuable personal assets, as well as an asset for society (Crafter, 1997). The Health Promotion Agency (2008) describes health promotion as a process enabling people to exert control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. Similarly, the WHO identifies that health promotion involves equipping people to have more power, enabling them to make choices in regard to improving their well-being (WHO, 1984). Ewles and Simnett (2003) determine from this that the fundamental elements of health promotion are improving health, empowerment and education. Breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants and so is an important topic in the context of health promotion (Dearling, 1999). Health promotion is not an extended role of the midwife but a core competency. In its Code of Professional Conduct (2008), the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) outlines the role of the midwife to include supporting people in caring for themselves to improve and maintain their health. Midwives must work with others to protect and promote the health and well-being of those in their care (NMC, 2008). Midwives meet and influence individual women and their families on a day-to-day basis, and can make real differences to how those people deal with health issues during their childbearing years and beyond (Crafter, 1997). Davis (2002) points out that every interaction with a woman is an opportunity to improve long-term health as midwives are trusted as authoritative figures in the delivery of health promotion. The Royal College of Midwives’ â€Å"Vision 2000† describes the midwife as a public health practitioner, and relevant models and approaches can enhance the way that midwives deliver care. A health promotion approach can be described as the vehicle used to achieve the desired aim (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Ewles and Simnett (2003) suggest that health promotion is commonly characterised as having five different approaches: the medical approach; the behaviour change approach; the educational approach; the empowerment approach; and the societal change approach. A summary of these approaches can be found in Appendix One. A model of health promotion seeks to represent reality and demonstrates how these different approaches connect in practice (Dearling, 1999). This assignment applies Beatties (1991) model of health promotion to breastfeeding; analyses the challenges midwives may encounter when promoting breastfeeding and evaluates the effectiveness of the midwife in promoting breastfeeding. Beattie’s (1991) model is appropriate as it provides a structured framework to guide, map and contextualise health promotion intervention related to breastfeeding (Seedhouse, 2003). Beattie’s (1991) model has two dimensions; â€Å"mode of intervention† and â€Å"focus of intervention†. The â€Å"mode of intervention† ranges from authoritative which is top-down and expert-led; to negotiated, which is bottom-up and values individuals autonomy. The â€Å"focus of intervention† ranges from a focus on the individual to a focus on the collective. The model uses these dimensions to generate four strategies for health promotion – health persuasion technique, legislative action, personal counselling and community development (Tonnes and Tilford, 2001). The health persuasion technique utilises the medical and educational approaches to inform women of the research-based health benefits of breastfeeding. This intervention is top-down, directed at individual women and led by midwives as health experts (Perkins et al, 1999). It relies on persuasive tactics to ensure compliance. Being medical-based, it aims to reduce morbidity and reduce premature mortality and is conceptualised around the absence of disease. As midwives do not regard pregnancy and child-birth as states of ill-health, its validity in midwifery care must be questioned (Dunkley, 2000a). The benefits of breastfeeding are well-documented (Appendix Two), however difficulties arise in making this information relevant and personal to each woman. Often, simply giving women ‘information’ makes little difference to them (Dunkley, 2000b). Positive messages about breastfeeding should be evident in the midwife’s practice room (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). Literature and posters that promote breastfeeding can be prominently displayed. All magazines and literature in the waiting room can be examined to ensure that there are no unwanted advertisements or promotions of formula. Health persuasion is based on an assumption that women make rational, conscious decisions about how to feed in response to factual health-related information (Crafter, 2002). Personal attitudes will affect the woman’s decision more than anything; and changing beliefs, values and attitudes is difficult and requires more time, resources and dedication than most midwives have due to over-load of work (Crafter, 1997). Naidoo and Wills (2000) identify four stages in the behaviour-change process, and these can apply to choosing to breastfeed. First, the woman must understand the benefits, accept the relevance of this information to her situation, weigh up the benefits and disadvantages for herself, and finally make her decision on how to feed. Women are advised that if they breastfeed their health and that of their baby will benefit (Piper, 2005). If a woman chooses not to breastfeed, she may experience guilt feelings and start to avoid the midwife, or not share future issues of concern because she is reluctant to receive advice which is inconsistent with her own beliefs and ideas (Battersby, 2000). Non-judgmental support of breastfeeding rather than loaded advice-giving may be more appropriate as it is unethical for the midwife to coerce and persuade women into breastfeeding (Cribb and Duncan, 2002). It is not the role of the midwife to persuade, but to inform (Davis, 2002). The health persuasion technique may be useful in the short-term to raise awareness, but it is unlikely to be effective in itself as it is not enough to simply tell women why breast is best and expect them to choose to breastfeed (Entwistle et al, 2007). There is no opportunity for women to ask questions, follow long conversations or direct the dialogue to areas where they need knowledge (Dunkley, 2000a). Language barriers may also arise, midwives and women may not share the same first language, or women may not understand the medical terms related to the health benefits of breastfeeding (Bright, 1997). Health persuasion can increase the feeling of powerlessness in women; the total opposite of empowerment, which is the core principle of midwifery practice (Royal College of Midwives, 2000). Legislative action attempts to promote breastfeeding at a national level, therefore incorporating the societal-change approach. This is a benevolent, top-down intervention led by professionals in the role of â€Å"custodians† in knowing what will improve the nations’ health (Dunkley, 2000). Legislative action involves making environmental, social and economic changes by policy planning, political action and widespread collaboration with decision makers (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). The Breastfeeding Strategy Group for Northern Ireland was established by the Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS) in 1997 as a result of legislative action to try and improve breastfeeding rates in Northern Ireland. The Innocenti declaration (WHO/UNICEF, 1990) and the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Initiative provide a national framework for best practice to support breastfeeding in maternity units and other healthcare facilities nationwide. Although not based on the actions of individual midwives, midwives can utilise this aspect of health promotion by lobbying power holders through their professional organisations and specialist forums, such as the Royal College of Midwives (RCM), the National Childbirth Trust (NCT) and the Association for Improvements in Maternity Services (AIMS) (Crafter, 2002). These organisations can align themselves together to address issues such as facilities for breastfeeding in public places, marketing of breastfeeding substitutes and improving maternity leave. Legislative action is an effective long-term way of promoting breastfeeding by making breastfeeding socially acceptable and the natural choice for women, thereby positively influencing the concept of breastfeeding within society (Bowden and Manning, 2006). Midwives can help develop strategies for intervention, act as advocates, promote the health of women indirectly and achieve collective improved breastfeeding rates at a level removed from individual interaction (Bowden and Manning, 2006). However, as Acts of Parliament use utilitarian principles they are unlikely to meet equally the needs of everyone (Cribb and Duncan, 2002). Midwives are also faced with a challenge in that the Government is setting targets to be met, which in a way dictates the information to be provided to women (Seedhouse, 2003). Legislative action takes time to achieve its aims, and can be an expensive form of health promotion (Bright, 1997). Community development uses the empowerment approach to enhance breastfeeding support among local communities and bring about local changes relating to breastfeeding facilities. Examples of community development include breastfeeding support groups and Sure Start Initiatives. Peer support in breastfeeding support groups has been found to be more effective in health promotion than the influence of health professionals (Barrowclough, 1997). Midwives can inform women of local groups and initiatives available to them (Barrowclough, 1997). Many women have to sit on public toilet seats or in inappropriate rooms to breastfeed their baby as restaurant proprieters and clientele are often intolerant of breastfeeding. Support groups offer women a comfortable, welcoming place to breastfeed their babies and can campaign locally to change negative attitudes towards breastfeeding (Barrowclough, 1997). Empowering community groups generates norms and social support which will reinforce breastfeeding. The nature of community development encourages autonomy, responsibility and interdependence rather than dependence on a more prescriptive form of care (Piper, 2005). Community development meets women’s needs for emotional and practical care that midwives may be unable to provide due to lack of time, and increases information and support available to breastfeeding mothers (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Community development can also empower women to determine wider health needs and challenge medical and midwifery services through service user focus groups and participating in patient panels (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Limitations to community development include lack of government funding for local initiatives, which can be improved through campaigning to raise awareness. Support groups are commonly only accessible to a select group of women, and it is up to midwives to ensure they work to deliver information that reaches all women in their care (Dunkley, 2000a). Midwives are ideally situated to help develop community support networks alongside women and their families (Piper, 2005). Personal counselling involves the empowerment and educationalist approaches. It is a process of active listening and reflection to empower women, based on their current knowledge and behaviour, to become more capable of making genuine informed choices (Dunkley, 2000b) The midwife’s role within this process is purely as a facilitator and enabler rather than an expert, offering guidance and support (Dunkley, 2000b). Being listened to makes individuals feel as though they have some control in planning their lives (Crafter, 2000). Rather than telling women what to do, midwives work with them to identify their needs and empower them to have the skills and confidence to breastfeed (Bright, 1997). Specialised lactation midwives can offer personal counselling if they are available, but in general midwives may have insufficient time to utilise opportunities for personal counselling in the postnatal ward or when women have been discharged back out into the community (RCM, 2002). Discussing the details of skin-to-skin contact and the importance of the first feed antenatally can encourage women to try breastfeeding (RCM, 2002). Many midwives draw on their own experience to support breastfeeding, and while this can sometimes assist good practice, it can cause difficulties as where women report neutral or negative breastfeeding messages, breastfeeding initiation can be affected (Entwistle et al, 2007). If a woman has been given the message that she is worth listening to, and is trusted to make the right decision, she will feel more confident and empowered to breastfeed (RCM, 2000). Time spent helping to establish correct attachment and positioning of the baby at the breast will in the long-term minimise continued dependence on midwifery care (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). An empowered woman would be able to participate more fully in community development, and could help promote breastfeeding by sharing her own positive experience with peers and relatives (Entwistle et al, 2007). The success of this approach is determined by a number of factors including good communication (Crafter, 2002), which can only be achieved with adequate time (Dunkley, 2000b) and the midwife’s personal attitude towards breastfeeding (Entwistle et al, 2007). Antenatal support, good hospital management and subsequent postnatal community visits are all-important components of breast-feeding promotion. Antenatal education and encouragement increases breast-feeding rates and identifies potential problem areas (Barrowclough, 1997). Hospital practices should focus on skin-to-skin contact, rooming-in, early and frequent breast-feeding, skilled support and avoidance of artificial nipples, pacifiers and formula (UNICEF, 2000). Postnatal visits should not be rushed and should include information on support groups available locally. Witnessed breast-feeding is an important part of follow-up because many breastfeeding problems are caused by improper latch-on or positioning that can be detected and corrected (RCM, 2002). Health promotion is an integral part of the midwife’s practice (NMC, 2008). The advantage of using Beattie’s (1991) model in promoting breastfeeding is that it allows midwives to question what actions are really useful in reaching and impacting on women. Beattie’s model helps midwives to review their own actions and critically analyse current methods of promoting breastfeeding (Dunkley-Bent, 2004). Breastfeeding promotion activities must cross each of the four strategies identified within the model if they are to be effective (Piper 2005). Crafter (1997) identifies challenges to implementing these strategies effectively within midwifery practice including time constraints, personal attitudes, inconsistent advice and lack of resources. Midwives must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to participate confidently in the management and promotion of breastfeeding, and thus empower women to breastfeed their babies successfully (Bowden, 2006). An awareness of the wider cultural influences and attitudes to breastfeeding can help midwives to implement effective health promotion strategies (Dunkley, 2000b).

Friday, November 8, 2019

The History of Steam Engines

The History of Steam Engines Before the invention of the gasoline-powered engine, mechanical transportation was fueled by steam. In fact, the concept of a steam engine pre-dates modern engines by a couple thousand years as mathametician and engineer Heron of Alexandria, who lived in Roman Egypt during the first century, was the first to describe a rudimentary version he named the Aeolipile.   Along the way, a number of leading scientists who toyed with the idea of using the force generated by heating water to power a machine of some sort. One of them was none other than Leonardo Da Vinci who drew up designs for a steam powered cannon called the Architonnerre sometime during the 15th century. A basic steam turbine was also detailed in papers written by the Egyptian astronomer, philosopher and engineer  Taqi ad-Din  in 1551.  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the real groundwork for the development of a  practical, working motor didnt come about until the mid-1600s. It was during this century that several inventors were able to develop and test water pumps as well as piston systems that would pave the way for the commercial steam engine. From that point, the commercial steam engine was then made possible by the efforts of three important figures. Thomas Savery (1650-1715) Thomas Savery was an English military engineer and inventor. In 1698, he patented the first crude  steam engine  based on Denis Papins Digester or pressure cooker of 1679. Savery had been working on solving the problem of pumping water out of coal mines when he came up with an idea for an engine powered by steam. His machine consisted of a closed vessel filled with water in which steam under pressure was introduced. This forced the water upwards and out of the mine shaft. A cold water sprinkler was then used to condense the steam. This created a vacuum which sucked more water out of the mine shaft through a bottom valve. Thomas Savery later worked with Thomas Newcomen on the atmospheric steam engine. Among Saverys other inventions was an  odometer  for ships, a device that measured distance traveled. To learn more about Thomas Savery the inventor, check out his biography.  Ive also written a description of Savery’s crude steam engine.   Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) Thomas Newcomen was an English blacksmith who invented the atmospheric steam engine. The invention was an improvement over Thomas Slaverys previous design. The Newcomen steam engine used the force of atmospheric pressure to do the work. This process begins with the engine pumping steam into a cylinder. The steam was then condensed by cold water, which created a vacuum on the inside of the cylinder. The resulting atmospheric pressure operated a piston, creating downward strokes. With Newcomens enginee, the intensity of pressure was not limited by the pressure of the steam, a departure from what Thomas Savery had patented in 1698. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen, together with John Calley, built their first engine on top of a water filled mine shaft and used it to pump water out of the mine. The Newcomen engine was the predecessor to the Watt engine and it was one of the most interesting pieces of technology developed during the 1700s. To learn more about Thomas Newcomen and his steam engine, check out this biography. Photos and a diagram of Newcomen’s steam engine can be found at Niagara college’s professor Mark Csele’s website. James Watt (1736-1819) Born in Greenock, James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who was renowned for the improvements he made to the steam engine. While working for the University of Glasgow in 1765, Watt was assigned the task of repairing a Newcomen engine that was deemed inefficient but the best steam engine of its time. That started the inventor working on several improvements to Newcomens design. The most notable improvement was Watts 1769 patent for a separate condenser connected to a cylinder by a valve. Unlike Newcomens engine, Watts design had a condenser that could be cool while the cylinder was hot. Eventually Watts engine would become the  dominant design  for all modern steam engines and helped bring about the  industrial revolution. A unit of power called the Watt was named after James Watt. the Watt symbol is W, and it is equal to 1/746 of a horsepower, or one volt times one amp.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

WikiLeaks and the Arab Media Essay Sample

WikiLeaks and the Arab Media Essay Sample WikiLeaks and the Arab Media Essay Sample WikiLeaks and the Arab Media Essay Sample With the appearance of WikiLeaks, the revelation of secret information concerning governmental programs, intelligence operations, and conspiracies has blown the Internet. The publications of the information on Afghanistan and Iraq war crimes were expected to raise concerns and call for the demand of their investigation. Under the governmental control, the leaked documents were played down or even silenced in the main Arab media. They were replaced by the news on praising Arab leaders and governmental policies or accusing Israel, Europe and the US of trying to damage the international relations between the Arabian Peninsula and the world. All possible issues but information from the WikiLeaks reports were discussed. The reason for that might have been that the provided proofs showed that the US had had to use military force. However, the more documents have been revealed, the more arguments and criticism appeared worldwide. This paper will investigate how the political and military id eas got distributed in the Arab and world media due to WikiLeaks development. WikiLeaks: Appearance and Sources of Information WikiLeaks is a non-profitable media organization, founded by Julian Assange, which aims at publishing different news along with revealing important and, usually, secret information to public (WikiLeaks). Thus, the organization has faced numerous attacks from all possible world governmental offices to protect the top-secret information from common people. Based on the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, WikiLeaks’ main statement is Article 19 that claims the following: â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including freedom to hold opinions without interference to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers† (WikiLeaks). The organization strongly believes that the authorities cannot hide the truth from their people and have no right to work behind the backs of those who elect and trust them. The organization also does not have a constant domain, as all possible international government institutions are working on how to close it. It is also worth mentioning that numerous anonymous sources worldwide have not been revealed by WikiLeaks so far. There are even certain instructions about how to provide the information without being traced. For instance, to send materials via Internet cafes or other wireless hot spots. Such precautions are eminently reasonable if the source is of political or intelligence interests. Having several international servers under operation and not keeping logs, makes it hard to trace the Internet traffic. Furthermore, in case the information check is needed, different parts of the organization â€Å"conspire with each other to strip submitters of their anonymity† (WikiLeaks). For WikiLeaks, these are sources of information, while governments and intelligence call them spies, who endanger world relations by publishing the documents. The found er of WikiLeaks, being accused of espionage and sex offenses, is hiding from different governmental agencies of the USA, Sweden, France, and others (WikiLeaks). However, Julian Assange was granted political asylum by Ecuador after addressing to country’s Embassy in London. The security technologies of WikiLeaks are extremely progressive in a way to protect the possible attacks against the media. The working group consists of journalists, software programmers, network engineers, and mathematicians. Moreover, it has got a network of committed and talented lawyers, who are always willing to defend the rights of the organization and represent its right in a legal way. World’s Reaction to Leaks Connected with the Middle East Situation Numerous articles appearing in the world media prove that the question of war crimes and the overall situation in the Middle East really matters. For instance, the leak of video that were crucial for American military forces and showed the US air crew shooting Iraqi civilians, their inhumane reaction along with inappropriate commentaries to this tragedy was discussed in The Guardian. The article has at least embarrassed the US defense department as far as the video was blocked, when Reuters tried to get it â€Å"thus WikiLeaks had to break through encryptions by the military to view it† (Black, 2010). Another article in the newspaper highlighted Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s dismissal of the hostility to Iran. It was claimed that the King of Saudi Arabia used simple psychological tricks. Such behavior was an evidence of silencing the information within his country (Black, 2010). Another leak of secret military documents, which was crucial for the US army, was published by Priva te Manning, who worked in Army intelligence unit in Iraq. He sent to WikiLeaks up to 700,000 secret government files (Savage, 2013). The Arab Media Reaction and Responses to WikiLeaks Information Most Arab media did not publish or comment the cables or excerpts, mainly for local considerations or for their late availability, Gulf News Bahrain states. The official explanation of such neglect was that many news outlets closed earlier than the leaked information was presented. However, in Bahrain, the newspapers close late. Thus, they â€Å"referred to the news about the controversial leaks†, but did not consider the plot of the cables necessary to publish (Toummi, 2010). Again, little attention was paid by the Mainstream Arab media. It did not consider that the release of the documents was something to be published. Cairo journalist, Issandr El Amrani, claimed that bringing the details of American-Arab conversation could cause anxiety and anger among the people. The reason is that the revealing cables provide extremely exact and precise insight into the daily life of the leader along with conversation records to prove the statements (Black, 2010). The most popular Arab c hannel, Al Jazeera, practically neglected the cables only mentioning some references to them and official position of the US (Toummi, 2010). The Economist in one of its blogs published the coverage, which provides brief extracts from Arab media to show the moods and reactions on the leaks. Namely, a Baghdad’s daily, Al-Sabah, claimed that the documents’ seriousness should be respected. Thus, WikiLeaks papers cannot be disregarded. Moreover, data cannot be ignored for the sake of justice and freedom of access to the information. Osama al-Sherif in the article for a Jordanian newspaper Ad-Dustour called the revelations by the WikiLeaks â€Å"a victory for true investigative journalism [†¦] despite government’s attempts to conceal the truth† (Savage, 2013). Yousuf al-Kuwayleet, from a Saudi newspaper Al-Riyadh, said that the purpose of the documents should lie in using them as â€Å"highly powerful weapon,† an evidence of war crimes committed by the military, and could be a reason for charges against those whose guilt had been obvious (Savage, 2013). Their power could be used to persua de the whole nations. Hence, the documents concerning both Iraq and Afghanistan war are unveiling facts, which can damage the US top policy-makers. Yousuf al-Kuwayleet also called these wars â€Å"deliberately planned genocidal wars† and demanded prosecution in order to teach all the others a lesson (Savage, 2013). A pan-Arab daily, Dar al-Hayat mentioned another side of these revelations. Its journalist supposes that the level of distrust and suspicion to America’s prospering and bright image will be growing. Moreover, the leaked cables will also put under the question â€Å"Iran’s role in Iraq’s bloodbath† and the concerns toward its political course will also be growing along with Syria’s role in the situation (Savage, 2013). However, not all the media discussed the American side in this case. Mr. Sawi, a columnist for Egyptian independent daily Al-Masry Al-Youm would not advise Julian Assange visiting Arab capitals due to revealing information that is potentially damaging for the existing regime. It is meant that the site contains information, which may undermine the government’s positions and â€Å"foster openings in their closed society and help fight corruption† (Savage, 2013). He said that no one being conscientious and having direct acce ss to secret files would dare to publish them without facing serious consequences of the choice they have been making. The Arab media outlets also made accusations against Julian Assange of being in cooperation with Israel, as the organization somehow escaped the embarrassing publications on the Jewish state (McGeal, 2010). Hence, they claim no serious documents of anti-Israeli direction were leaked. The position of the Arab media does not seem to be supportive for the war crimes revelation. The appearance of WikiLeaks caused numerous discussions especially after it started revealing secret information connected to different spheres of world’s life. It remains intangible for the international organizations, which are chasing it. However, the cases of the US military activity in the Middle East had been questioning their legacy so far. Numerous arguments on the purpose of these publications have also appeared. Different media, European, American, and Arab, provided various views on the situation. However, despite crucial criticism of war policy in the Middle East, some media stand for rather than against of the publications by WikiLeaks. The reason is that, nowadays, it is possibly one of the most trustworthy and fullest sources of the information of the kind providing both news along with official documents, reviews, reports, and cables on politics and military conditions. Yet, the Arab media’s views differ. Some support the idea of revealing the documents as important evidence of unrighteous behavior toward the Arabs during the war time, while the others consider its aim to destroy the political system and societal orders.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Genetically Modified Organisms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Organisms - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that genetic engineering of plants and animal usually involve the modification of genes and DNA of organisms so that they can have more desirable characteristics. The process usually involvesvarious stages. The genetic engineers usually get the desired genes from the genomes of the organisms that are supposed to act as donors. The desired genes are then introduced to the organism that is supposed to be genetically modified. Only the desired genes are always transferred to the genome of the organism that is supposed to undergo genetic modification. The resulting organism is usually very different from the original organisms. According to the discussion findings there are a number of foods that are available in the supermarkets that contain genetically modified organisms. These products include cheese, soya beans oil, corn syrup, bread, snacks, squash, papayas, sugar beet, sweet pepper, polish canola, and petunia. All these foods have been modified with the aim of making them more beneficial to the lives of human beings. There are high numbers of products that contain genetically modified organisms in the market and it would be hard for a person to completely ignore the consumption of such products. Safety of consumption of foods that contain genetically modified organism is something that has been debatable for a long time. Despite the fact that people have always been constantly assured of the safety of GMO products, the uncertainty of the safety of consumption of these products have never been eliminated.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Project Plnning Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Plnning Skills - Assignment Example (Charette, 2006, 21) With often called th project of competence, th pecification of project hould be a precie decription of what th project aim at carrying out, nd th criteria nd flexibility implied, it parameter, rnge, rnge, exit, ource, (Kameny, 2006, 115) participnt, budget nd calendar (take guard - to ee th note enviaging approximately calendar below). Uually th project mnager mut conult with othr nd thn agree th pecification of project with uperior, or competent authoritie. Th pecification cn imply everal outline before it i agreed. Specification of project are eential becaue thy create a meaurable reponibility for no matter whom who contntly wihe to evaluate how th project goe, or it ucce on th achievement. (Audrey, 2007, 12) Competence of project alo provide n eential dicipline nd a framework to keep th project on th way, nd concerned with th original objective nd agreed parameter. Correctly formulated nd agreed pecification of project alo protect th project mnager againt being held to explain th exit which are apart from th rnge original of th project or independent of th project mnager. It i th tage to agree of th pecial condition or th exception with thoe in th authority. Once you th 'VE publih competence you created a very firm whole of hope by which you will be judged. Thu if you have concern, or wnt to renegotiate, now ' th hour to do it. More th great project cn need everal week to produce nd be appropriate of competence of project. (Joyce, 2007, 13) Th majority of th normal project of buinee however have need for a few day thinking nd conulting to produce uitable pecification of project. Th etablihment nd th agreement of th pecification of project are n importnt proce even if your tak i th imple one. A template for a project pecification: 1. Decribe purpoe, aim nd deliverable. 2. State parameter (timecale, budget, rnge, cope, territory, authority). 3. State people involved nd th way th team will work (frequency of meeting, deciion-making proce). 4. Etablih 'break-point' at which to review nd check progre, nd