Qatari law Essay

Qatar is located in a peninsula jutting out 100 miles into the Persian Gulf from Saudi Arabia. The country is mainly barren and is situated with Saudi Arabia on its west and United Arab Emirates on its southern border. Qatar occupies a total land area of 11,437 square kilometers. (Infoplease, 2007) Climate experienced in this region is generally hot and dry due to the desert landscape. The air is usually humid but is sultry during the summer time. Naturally occurring disasters experienced in the area are haze, dust storms and sandstorms. Qatar has only 1% of its land area that is classified as arable while 5% of the land is used for raising pastures. Qatar has an estimated population of 1,000,000 (in 2007), and approximately 200,000 are citizens. Nearly all Qatari profess Islam approximately 95% of the population. Majority of the population migrated due to the availability of employment for the oil industry in Qatar. Arabic serves as the official language while English and other languages are also spoken in Qatar. Many Qataris trace back their roots to natives of the Arabian Peninsula. Migratory tribes have settled in Qatar during the 8th century. There were also migration from gulf Emirates and as well as Persian merchants. Today, most of Qatar’s inhabitants cluster in Doha, the capital city. Foreigners with temporary status comprise 52% of the total population and make up approximately 89% of the total workforce. In 2004, the country had a total population of approximately 1,000,000 (in 2007), of whom approximately 200,000 were believed to be citizens. Of the citizen population, Shi’a Muslims account for approximately 3 percent and Sunni Muslims comprise the remaining 97 percent. The majority of the estimated 800,000 non-citizens are individuals from South and South East Asian and Arab countries working on temporary employment contracts in most cases without their accompanying family members. They are of the following faiths: Sunni Muslims, Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Baha’is. Most foreign workers and their families live near the major employment centers of Doha, Al Khor, Messaeed, and Dukhan. The Christian community is a diverse mix of Indians, Filipinos, Europeans, Arabs, and Americans. It includes Catholic, Orthodox, Coptic, Anglican, and other Protestant denominations. The Hindu community is almost exclusively Indian, while Buddhists include south and East Asians. Most Baha’is in Qatar may come from nearby Iran. Religion is not indicated on national identity cards and passports, nor is it a criterion for citizenship in Qatar according to the Nationality Law. However, Qatari citizens are either Sunni or Shi’a Muslims with the exception of a Baha’i and Syrian Christian and their respective families who were granted citizenship. Shi’a, both citizens and foreigners, may attend a small number of Shi’a mosques. There is some limitation of the religious liberty of Christians. No foreign missionary groups operate openly in the country. Culture Qatar explicitly uses Sunni law as the basis of its government, and the vast majority of its citizens follow Hanbali Madhhab. Hanbali (is one of the four schools (Madhhabs) of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (The other three are Hanafi, Maliki and Shafii). Sunni Muslims believe that all four schools have â€Å"correct guidance†, and the differences between them lie not in the fundamentals of faith, but in finer judgments and jurisprudence, which are a result of the independent reasoning of the imams and the scholars who followed them. Because their individual methodologies of interpretation and extraction from the primary sources were different, they came to different judgments on particular matters. Qatari law When contrasted with other Arab states such as Saudi Arabia, for instance, Qatar has comparatively liberal laws, but is still not as liberal as some of its neighbors like UAE or Bahrain. Women can legally drive in Qatar, whereas they may not in Saudi Arabia. The country has undergone a period of liberalization and modernization after the current Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, came to power after becoming Emir in place of his father. Under his rule, Qatar became the first Arab country in the Persian Gulf where women gained the right to vote. Also, women can dress mostly as they please in public (although in practice local Qatari women generally don the black abaya). Before the liberalization, it was taboo for men to wear shorts in public. The laws of Qatar tolerate alcohol to a certain extent. However, public bars and nightclubs in Qatar operate only in expensive hotels and clubs, much like in the UAE and Bahrain, though the number of establishments has yet to equal that of UAE. Qatar has further been liberalized due to the 15th Asian Games, but is cautious of becoming too liberal in their law making the country viable weekend immigration from their western neighbor. Overall Qatar has yet to reach the more western laws of UAE or Bahrain, and though plans are being made for more development, the government is cautious Economy Before the discovery of oil the economy of the Qatari region focused on fishing and pearling. After the introduction of the Japanese cultured pearl into the world market in the 1920s and 1930s. Qatar’s pearling industry faltered. However, the discovery of oil reserves, beginning in the 1940s, completely transformed the state’s economy. Now the country has a high standard of living, with many social services offered to its citizens and all the amenities of any modern state Qatar’s national income primarily derives from oil and natural gas exports. The country has oil estimated at 15 billion barrels (2.4 km3), while gas reserves in the giant north field (South Pars for Iran) which straddles the border with Iran and are almost as large as the peninsula itself are estimated to be between 800 – 900tcf (Trillion Cubic Feet – 1tcf is equal to around 80 million barrels of oil equivalent) (Anonymous, 2005). Qatar’s primary source of income relies on its oil reserves, which constitutes more than 30% of its Gross Domestic Product. An estimated reserve of 3. 7 billion barrels is predicted to last up to 23 years with sustained level of output (â€Å"Qatar: Background†, 2007). Qatar also has one of the world’s largest reserves for Natural Gas, estimated to be more than 5% of the world’s total reserve or amounting to 7trillion cubic meters. These two natural resources constitutes the backbone of Qatar’s economy (â€Å"Qatar†, 2002). Oil industry in Qatar On 1935, a 75-year oil concession was granted to Qatar Petroleum Company, which was owned by Anglo-Dutch, French and USA. At Dukhan, located at the western side of Qatar, high quality oil was discovered. Oil exploitation was delayed due to the onset of World War II and Qatar was only able to export oil during 1949. Due to the increase in revenue from oil export during the 1950s and 1960s, Qatar entered the start of its modern history. This was the start of Qatar’s prosperity, rapid immigration was experienced due to employment brought about by the oil industry and substantial social changes was experienced. When UK announced in 1968 the policy of ending the treaty relationship with the Gulf Shiekdoms, failed talks with the other sheikdoms in a plan to form the United Arab Emirates resulted to Qatar declaring independence on September 3, 1971. Oil still forms the cornerstone of Qatar’s economy well into the 1990’s. Today Oil still accounts for about 62% of total government revenue. In 1973, income generated from oil production and exportation gradually increased the country’s revenue. This has helped Qatar move from previously ranked as one of the world’s poorest countries into one of the highest per capita income in the world. In 2006, the country has a per capita income of $62,000, which is ranked as fifth in the world (Beureau_of_Eastern_Affairs, 2007). During the 1990’s, OPEC or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries had lower oil production quotas resulting to fall in oil prices. The result was an unpromising outlook in the international markets and reduced earnings in oil products led to recession in Qatar. Many small businesses were affected and expatriate staffs were affected by massive lay off. However the country was able to regain economically by the late 1990’s and expatriate population have grown again. Qatar’s oil production is currently estimated around 835,000 barrels a day. It is expected to reach 1. 1 million barrels per day by the year 2009. With the current rate of producing oil, reserves in Qatar are expected to last up to more than 40 years. However Qatar has other resources that are also exploited for production. It’s proven reserves of natural gas are the third largest in the world. The gas reserves of North Fields in Qatar exceed more than 900 trillion cubic feet or 14% of the worlds total gas reserves. Qatar is the largest producer of Liquefied Natural Gas with more than 31 million metric tons per annum. By 2010, Qatar is expected to produce 77. 5 million metric tons per annum and will account for one third of the world’s LNG supply (Beureau_of_Eastern_Affairs, 2007). Qatar’s oil fields are estimated to be depleted by 2023. But with the discovery of natural gas in the Northern fields, Qatar economy received a great boost from gas reserves income generated from exportation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Currently Qatar exports gas to Korea, India and China via shipping lines while gas is delivered via pipelines to Kuwait, UAE and Bahrain. Exploration: Early exploration took place in May 1935 as part of an agreement between the English-Persian Corporation and the Sheikh of Qatar at that time Abdullah Bin Jassem Al-Thani to explore oil for a term of 75 years. The agreement was executed by a corporation, which is later known as Qatar Oil Associated Corporation. Exploration, however, was adjourned due to border problems with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, but eventually started in 1938 extensively (â€Å"Country profile: Qatar†, 2008). In 1949, Qatar started to export oil through Mesaieed port on the East Coast. The first exported quantity was 80,000 tons on board President Liner on 31/12/1949 for a price of 5. 9 million Indian rupees received in 1951. Qatar developed its production speedily; and in 1951, it reached 46,500 barrels a day compared to only 34,000 a day before that time (â€Å"Energy and Resources—Sources and Definitions†, 2003). The State of Qatar became number 11 among oil exporting countries in 1952, with a production of 67,700 barrels a day, i. e. , 0. 5% of world production. Consequently, oil revenue increased to 4. 2 million US dollars in 1951, and 12 US million dollars in 1952.

Portland Cancer Center

Case 18: Leasing Decisions| | Background: The Portland Cancer Center is a not-for-profit inpatient and outpatient facility dedicated to the prevention and treatment of cancer. Working to perfect noninvasive brain surgery techniques for the past ten years, the Center is considering options to replace its current model of the Gamma Knife. Radiosurgery is often referred to as the Gamma Knife. The Gamma Knife delivers 201 separate radiation sources to treat certain brain cancers without invasive surgery. For patients with deep lesions the Gamma Knife significantly reduces the risk associate with traditional surgical procedures.Other clinical benefits to the Gamma Knife include: treating Parkinson’s, trigeminal neuralgia, arteriovenous malformations, certain types of benign tumors and small malignant lesions. The Center will open a new radiation therapy facility for several new radiosurgery procedures. Replacing the Gamma Knife at this point is viewed as a â€Å"bridge†. Thi s is because the Center’s managers think that whether the equipment is purchased or leased it will be used for no more than four years before moving to the new facility.A financial decision on whether to buy the Gamma knife or lease it is most significant to this case. Facts: * Expected physical life of the equipment is ten years * Possibility to writing a â€Å"cancellation clause† and â€Å"per-procedure clause† if leased * Possibility the Center will move to new facility sooner than expected * If equipment is to be purchased, â€Å"tax-exempt† financing could be obtained * GB Financing lease contract: * Annual payments of $675,000 * Includes service contract so equipment will be maintained in good working order (GBF will have to enter maintenece contract with manufacturer) GBF forecasts $1. 5 million residual value * If lease is not written, GBF could invest the funds in a four year term loan of similar risk that yields 8% before taxes * The Centerâ₠¬â„¢s risk is transferred back to lessor * Portland purchasing the Gamma Knife: * Invoice price is $3 million, including delivery and installation * Maintenance contract for $100,000/year * Financed by a four-year simple interest conventional bank note at 8% * May claim tax deduction for portion of loan payment * Bears all the risk of equipment * Residual value is risky. 5% probability after four years will be $500,000; 50% probability that it will be $1 million; and 25% probability that it will be $2 million. * This risk adds a 5% risk adjustment to the base discount rate used on the other lease-analysis flows Analysis: This decision is a complex one. Will it be better to use debt financing and purchase or make an investment decision to lease the piece of equipment? It is important to decipher is the lease can save money, eliminate the risk of technological obsolesce, and to share the mutual risk with the lessor.The dollar cost analysis of the lessee’s cost of owning and lea sing can be seen in Exhibit 1. A 10% discount rate (based on corporate cost of capital) was used to convert the cash flows to present values. The Lessee’s percentage cost analysis show the internal cost rate (IRR) at 6%. This shows leasing is lower than the corporate cost of capital at 10%. Looking at the lease in terms of per procedure (Exhibit 2), the annual expected 100 procedures would cost the Center $25,000 more. Furthermore, if fewer procedures were performed the per-procedure lease would be favored.It could be useful to assess the clinic’s previous volume patterns to determine the risk of this decision. Exhibit 3 shows the Lessor’s point of view to own the Gamma Knife. Using an opportunity cost rate of 8% before taxes will yield 4. 8% after taxes. The 6. 2% after tax return exceeds the 4. 8% after tax return available on alternative investments of similar risk. This also confirms the NPV of the lease investment is expected to be better off by $99,368 if it writes the lease. Recommendations: The financial advantage is for Portland Cancer Center to lease the Gamma Knife rather than purchase the equipment.The per procedure lease has a benefit to both parties, however reduces risk for the Center. It would only be advantageous is the volume of procedures was low, specifically below 100 procedures. Maintaining a state of the art healthcare facility is important and the lease will allow the Center to do so. The lessor is compensated for taking risk with tax deductions, however they will assume the risk with the technology. The NAL of $130,554 affirms that leasing creates more value than buying in this situation. The lessee’s IRR of 6% is well below the 10%, which also indicates a positive aspect to leasing versus buying.The terms of the lease should be carefully considered, especially the cancellation clause in the contract. This is important to address because of concerns with the new facility being ready before four years time. S ignificant costs could be associated with unutilized equipment so GBF could consider adding a penalty to the cancellation clause. The decision is also weighed based upon the move to the new facility. If the Center moves early keeping the equipment and moving it to the new facility is always an option. The Center should also negotiate a lower yearly lease payment.The lease answers the clinic’s requirement of a short-term commitment with the least risk associated due to a new facility that is on the way. There are also perks to a short- term lease agreement because this is not recorded on the lessee’s balance sheet. Exhibit 1: Lessee's Analysis|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | | | | |   | Cost of Owning| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | Year 0| Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Net purchase price| | $3,000,000 | | | |   | Maintenance cost| | 100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 |   | Maintenence tax savings| | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |   | Depreciation t ax savings| | | 0 | 0 | 0 | $0 |Residual value| | | | | | 1,125,000 | Residual value tax| |   |   |   |   | 0 | Net cash flow| | $3,100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $1,125,000 |   | | | | | |   | PV cost of owning:| | $2,223,685 | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Cost of Leasing| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Lease payment| | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 |   | Tax savings| | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |   | Net cash flow| | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $675,000 | $0 |   | | | | | |   | PV cost leasing:| | $2,354,239 | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Cost Comparison| | | | | |   | Net advantage to leasing (NAL)=| $130,554 | | | | |   |   | | | | | |   |Lessee's Percentage Cost Analysis| | | | |   | | | | | | |   | Leasing-versus-owning CF| | $2,425,000 | $575,000 | $575,000 | $575,000 | $1,125,000 |   | | | | | |   | Lessee's IRR=| 6%|   |   |   |   |   | Exhibit 2: Per-procedure Lease | | | | | | | | |   |   |   |    |   |   | | | Per Procedure Lease|   |   | Annual Lease|   | Procedures| Annual| Annual|   | Annual| Annual|   |   | | Lease| Net | Annual| Lease| Net| Annual| Profit| | Payment| Revenue| Profit| Payment| Revenue| Profit| Difference| 70 | $490,000 | $700,000 | $210,000 | $675,000 | $700,000 | $25,000 | 185,000 | 80 | $560,000 | $800,000 | $240,000 | $675,000 | $800,000 | $125,000 | $115,000 | 90 | $630,000 | $900,000 | $270,000 | $675,000 | $900,000 | $225,000 | $45,000 | 100 | $700,000 | $1,000,000 | $300,000 | $675,000 | $1,000,000 | $325,000 | ($25,000)| 110 | $770,000 | $1,100,000 | $330,000 | $675,000 | $1,100,000 | $425,000 | ($95,000)| 120 | $840,000 | $1,200,000 | $360,000 | $675,000 | $1,200,000 | $525,000 | ($165,000)| 130 | $910,000 | $1,300,000 | $390,000 | $675,000 | $1,300,000 | $625,000 | ($235,000)| | | | | | | | | GBF quoted per procedure lease rate of $7,000| | | | | *expected annual volume of 100 procedures| | | | | *expected net revenue per proced ure of $10,000| | | | | Exhibit 3: Lessor's Analysis|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | | | | | |   | Cost of Owning| | | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | Year 0| Year 1| Year 2| Year 3| Year 4| Equipment cost| | $3,000,000 | | | |   |Maintenance| | (100,000)| ($100,000)| ($100,000)| ($100,000)|   | Maint tax savings| | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 |   | Depreciation shield| | | 240,000 | 384,000 | 228,000 | $144,000 | Lease payment| | 675,000 | 675,000 | 675,000 | 675,000 |   | Tax on payment| | (270,000)| (270,000)| (270,000)| (270,000)|   | Residual value| | | | | | 1,500,000 | Residual value tax| |   |   |   |   | (396,000)| Net cash flow| | $2,655,000 | $585,000 | $729,000 | $573,000 | $1,248,000 |   | | | | | |   | NPV| $99,368 | | | | |   | IRR| 6. 20%| | | | |   | |   |   |   |   |   |   |

Field trip- river restoration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field trip- river restoration - Essay Example As a function of understanding this, this particular course has analyzed a great many human development projects and the varying degree that they have affected upon the surrounding ecology and environment as a whole. In much the same way, this particular essay will consider the case of the Bellefonte dam and subsequent ecological and environmental factors that many decades of variable types of industrialization has affected on the region and the environment. Furthermore, as a means of highlighting the long-term nature of what unthoughtful human development can affect on a given region over a period of time, the analysis will highlight the negative factors that human development have affected within the given environmental and ecological models that Many times we are tempted to believe that even though humanity and economic projects can alter the course of nature that there is some type of corrective mechanism that the environment is able to employ that over time will correct the mist akes that humans have made. Although it is true that the environment can eventually, if given long enough, ameliorate many of the negative factors that inattentive human development has affected, there is no mechanisms whereby nature can rapidly or quickly undue the destruction and changes that human development have wrought on it.1 A good example of this can be found in the way that the Bellefonte sight has been developed over a period of the past 230 years. Beginning as early as 1790, water powered industry began to spring up along the Bellefonte site as hydro power was utilized to drive what was then the very first vestiges of industrialization in the United States. However, the changes did not end there as the development of industry led to the site being utilized for steel and iron smelting and production. With the presence of such industry and the construction of a dam to regulate water rates and flow, several key ecological issues have since developed. Although this site has been in use perhaps longer than any other site that this course has discussed thus far this semester with regards to the impact that humans have on the environment and the way that the ecological landscape develops, the fact of the matter is that the ecological impacts that have been affected have been notably and demonstrably proven to be for the long term. For instance, the first and most pressing is with regards to the migration of natural species that the dam itself retards and/or prevents. As trout can no longer have any approachable means to reach the upper regions of the watershed or river system, a whole host of issues surrounding spawning, food chain management, and the diversity of species with a given region are affected. Other concerns regard the buildup of sediment at the base of the dam, the regulation of an otherwise variable flood plain that had existed prior to the construction of the dam as well as a litany of other issues, as well as the existence of a powerful wh irlpool at the base of the dam which acts to collect garbage. Of course such situations as have been illustrated only serve to highlight the importance that environmental and ecological remediation and planning must be taken into account prior to affecting any major changes within a region. Although it is within the realm of possibility and human ability to work to remediate some of the

Interview with grandfather Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interview with grandfather - Essay Example The paper has been able to apply the learned reflections for a mission engagement (Cash & Charles 53) My grandpa stayed with his father before he passed away. He shared his father’s personality. So my mother told me a lot of stories about him, and how everyone loved and respected him, because he loved and respected everyone as well. He was not a rich man, but his inheritance was a little bit of money, and big cows and some small cows to benefit from it. He had worked when he was 15 years old, and he sacrificed for his family because he always was saying â€Å"I don't want you to need any help from anyone except me†. My grandpa had used his cows to sell some of her milk to get money. I took a lot of his character because I really like what he had done in his life. Previously I did not realize anything before I heard my grandfather’s story, but after that I become serious and responsible  about everything especially my family. For instance, how he made his dream, how he was helping everyone, and how his behavior and his personality were. First of all, in that old days everyone had an independent work and no one needed to get any help from others; all of them helped themselves. But obviously if they asked anyone to have what they need they would find everyone beside them. My grandpa is one of the honest people, because he had built his life by himself. He had two jobs at the same time; the first job was milking his cows in the morning to get what his family needed and to bring some clothes and some food. The second job was a seller at the supermarket with his friend's store, therefore, he had earned a lot of money, and he saved for his family in case or start his project or if he dies. By having two jobs at the same time, he was able to provide for his family whilst providing employment to other people in the society. In other words, he played a major role in bringing development in his society. His project was to build a dairy factory. He w as dreaming about building that factory since he was child when he grows up. Indeed, his dream came true, seeing that he was hardworking and a principled man who never stopped until he achieved his goals in life. However, he never stopped working. Actually, he continued and developed that dream to make his company impact some kind of medicines which is the same company for the dairy but another department. I learned from his experiences and from his willingness when he has a small idea how he improves it and how he had never given up. As I have seen from him I will do in the future, because if I keep going and I never give up certainly I will reach my goals. Although, he was busy in the beginning of his life, he was also playing on the popular soccer team in Saudi Arabia. I was always asking him how you can make all these things at the same time and how you were perfect in all that what you had done; he answered me by a useful wisdom â€Å"Love what you are doing, to do what you lo ve." After that, I say to myself why I could not be like this man. In one way or the other, he was very inspiring and he played a key role in modifying my life. Since that time I promise myself to put my goal in front of me and then remind myself about my grandfather’s story, and what he had done. Finally, he had worked at a small column in the newspaper which is a famous newspaper in the Saudi Arabia; he was a big Journalist and wise. At that

Global marketing 'ensure' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global marketing 'ensure' - Essay Example It has concentrated in making the product available for those in the Saudi Arabian market that are lactose intolerant. The guiding principles towards ensure innovation are development of a wide range of formats and filter types that satisfy multiple requirements. Additionally, the innovative advancement in relation to ensure adopts the use of chromatography technologies and pall membrane technologies that offer micro filtered milk products that have longer shelf lives and fresher taste, functional ingredient so high value and milk concentrates. Due to the use of these technologies, the Saudi Arabian market will continue to maintain loyalty to the product and have trust in its quality. The relative advantage of ensure examines the degree to which it will be advantageous in the new Saudi Arabian market compared to the existing or competing brands. The rate to which Ensure milk product will be adopted in the Saudi Arabian market will depend on this relative advantage. The use of innovation as a product development priority is one of the things that will make the milk product gain relative advantage in the Saudi Arabian market. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as quality one due to application of latest technologies will help in shaking off competition. If the customers are able to see certain attributes in ensure milk that are seemingly better than in its competitors, they will embrace Ensure nutrition milk. The rate of adoption will be directly proportional to the increase in relative advantage. Additionally, the innovative aspect has a bearing on price (Latham, 2006). On one side, it helps Abbott in its competitive pricing. Increasing the prices or lengthy time taken in learning how deal with the product will affect the product’s adoption rate negatively. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as an innovative on is directly related to the level of compatibility

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

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Letter of motivation to a Prospective Employer Essay

Letter of motivation to a Prospective Employer - Essay Example I did the following courses during my studies for the Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Criminal Justice and Administration: Contemporary issues in Criminal Justice, Criminology, Policing Theory and Practice, Criminal Law, Interpersonal Communication, Institutional and Communication, Institutional and Community Corrections, Criminal Procedure, Criminal Court Systems, Criminal Organizations, Juvenile Justice Systems and Process, Ethics in Criminal Justice, Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice, Research Methods in Criminal Justice, Organizational Behaviour and Management, Criminal Justice Administration, Foundations of Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice Policy Analysis, Managing Criminal Justice Personnel, Futures of Criminal Justice, and Interdisciplinary Capstone Course. All these courses are specially designed to equip the student with the knowledge and skills required in dealing with managerial as well as leadership aspects that are related to the operations of the criminal justice agencies. The courses offer a strong foundation of theoretical knowledge that can be transformed into real life practice in the profession of criminal justice. It is my strong conviction that the knowledge I have gained in the field of Criminal justice have greatly enhanced my managerial and administrative skills that are closely related to law enforcement, the criminal courts and corrections. My degree program is designed to offer the students with a strong background in criminal justice principles, theories as well as concepts that are related to justice administration. All the courses I have taken are designed to fulfil the core aspects of criminal justice as portrayed in the domains of courts, police services as well as corrections. The programme offers a global perspective to the realm of criminal justice and it fulfils various management functions that can improve the operations of various managerial departments in related agencies that deal with criminal justice. The courses I took will greatly help me in my profession since I am better positioned to approach any situation with self determination as a result of the valuable theoretical knowledge I gained in each course and I can transform it into real practice. Basically, the BSCJA programme is designed to fulfil various goals and these were fulfilled both in theory and in practice through practical lessons by my tutors who are serving members of the justice system. My professors teach from a practical stand point and this curriculum is designed to equip the student with the much needed practical experience in this particular field where he is given the opportunity to transform the theoretical knowledge gained into real practice. As such, I believe I have the following competencies that can positively contribute to the overall performance of the organization as a whole. I have good communication skills and can communicate both verbally and written at all levels. The valuable knowledge I have gai ned in this particular discipline have developed my style of systematic, creative and logical thinking. I can diligently approach any given scenario and I can find solutions to

Black Hole. Characteristics and nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Black Hole. Characteristics and nature - Essay Example 87, 2004). The presumption of ‘general relativity’ calculates that an adequately dense mass will distort space-time to shape a black hole. In the region of a black hole there is a scientifically described surface known as event sphere that considered being the ‘point of no return’. It is termed black as it soaks up all the radiance that strikes the sphere, not reflecting anything, just similar to an ideal black substance in thermodynamics. According to quantum mechanics, black hole discharges emission similar to a black substance with a restricted temperature. â€Å"This temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the black hole† (Taylor & Wheeler, p. 194, 2000), and makes it complicated to examine this emission for black hole of astrophysical mass or bigger. It is currently believed that at the core of every galaxy, there is an extremely enormous black hole that is billions of times weightier as compared to the sun. The enormous black hole c onfines nearby stars and pulls them into a spinning accumulation disk. A ‘torus’ within the internal accumulation guards the black hole within those structures that are considered edge on. In a number of these structures, a jet is emitted at a 90 degree angle to the disk and is observed within the visual as well as radio wavebands. In the extreme innermost regions, the disk turns so warm that the discharge is within the â€Å"X-ray and Gamma-ray bands† (Susskind & Lindesay, p. 103, 2004). In spite of its imperceptible centre, the existence of a black hole can be deduced by its contact with other matter. Astronomers have recognized several astrophysical black hole in ‘binary systems’, by learning their contact with their cohort stars. There is rising consent that extremely enormous black holes are real and present at the cores of the majority of galaxies. Specially, there is strong proof of a black hole of above 4 million solar masses at the core of t he ‘Milky Way’. A black hole has a dominant gravitational field that catches all that goes in its vicinity. Scientists now think that a number of galaxies have enormous black holes at their cores. These black holes discharge massive quantities of energy that controls the active happenings that take place in the galaxy. According to scientists, the energy for the black hole may be the â€Å"trapped gas, stars, and dust† (Taylor & Wheeler, p. 78, 2000) that are drawn into the hole. Gas that is drawn into a black hole spins down within the hole much similar to a whirlpool. By means of a â€Å"spectroscope, the Hubble Space Telescope† (Raine & Edwin, p. 28, 2009) has the facility to watch the pace of this gas as it spins around the opening to the hole. The pace with which the gas whirls is said to be the ‘black hole's signature’. By identifying the pace of the gas, the mass of the black hole can be estimated. A black hole at the core of a galaxy i s said to have a â€Å"mass equal to that of 3 billion Suns† (Raine & Edwin, p. 73, 2009). When an object drops into a black hole, any fact regarding the form of that object or allocation of charge on it is consistently spread all along the sphere of the black hole, and is vanished for external viewers. The behaviour of the sphere during this condition is a dissipative structure that is directly equivalent to that of a conductive flexible covering with friction as well as electrical resistance - the covering theory. This is not similar to other field theories such as electromagnetism (Raine & Edwin, p. 70-75, 2009), which have no friction or resistivity on the microscopic point, since they are time reversible. In view of the fact that a black hole ultimately

Argument A Modest proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument A Modest proposal - Essay Example Pretty much the same number of keep on calling themselves, say, Catholics, regardless of an admitted wariness toward its practices, so Smokers remain Smokers in light of the fact that theyve been Smokers for quite a long time, and they know no other way. On the other hand, the fundamental of this paper is to create how smoking is cool in an ironical viewpoint. Smoking is about the figment of flexibility. It is enjoyable to smoke decisively on the grounds that should not smoke, and in the event that you had any sense at all you wouldnt smoke. Much the same as different religions, confidence in the emancipator forces of Smoking must occur among the youthful; past the age of 21, a great many people are not looking for another religion. The individuals who are, are as prone to take up Smoking as whatever else ( Morgan, 2002, 34). The dream of opportunity is most capable among young people of middle school or secondary school age. You discover some mystery zone in the forested areas, or in the island of opportunity that is some smokers auto, and there you smoke, the lit cigarette in your mouth your identification of flexibility and disobedience. The initial 5 or 10 or 20 taste horrendous, or make you sick, yet this is similar to numerous grown-up gained tastes, from pickles to anchovies to liquor. Inside specific circles, Smoking is as infectious as yawning. Somebody lights up a smoke, inside two minutes, all are smoking cigarettes, their lights of opportunity. when not smoking then others are, and you yourself are a smoker, is to be forgotten, as well as to be a negligible inhaler of second-hand smoke, an aloof observer. Maybe it is, be that as it may, inconspicuously, an announcement of refraining, and subsequently a verifiable judgment. The Smokers may think—Why isnt he smoking?—pretty much as some meat-eaters are uncomfortable eating with vegans. The very restraint is an implied

Saving Sourdi Essay Example for Free

Saving Sourdi Essay Part I In â€Å"Saving Sourdi† by May-Lee Chai, the author creates Sourdi and Nea’s characters using description, narration, dialog, and commentary. Description â€Å"Sourdi looked like a statue that had been rescued from the sea. She was smooth where I had angles and soft where I was bone. Sourdi’s face was round, her nose low and wide, her eyes crescent-shaped like the quarter moon, her hair sleek as seaweed. Her skin was a burnished cinnamon color.† (Chai 131) This description portrays Sourdi as an innocent and gentle young lady. Narration â€Å"Sourdi emerged from the kitchen, dressed in a bright pink sweatsuit emblazoned with the head of Minnie Mouse, pink slippers over her feet, the baby on her hip. She had a bruise across her cheekbone and the purple remains of a black eye. Sourdi didn’t say anything for a few seconds as she stared at me, blinking, her mouth falling open. â€Å"Where’s Ma?† (Chai 139) This narration shows that after her arranged marriage, Sourdi is not the girl she used to be because she now has to live with a man whom she doesn’t really love and care for a baby at a young age. Dialog â€Å"Nea, what’s wrong with you?† â€Å"What’s wrong with me? Don’t you get it? I was trying to help you!† Sourdi sighed as the baby spat a spoonful of the glop onto the table. â€Å"I’m a married woman. I’m not just some girl anymore. I have my own family. You understand that?† â€Å"You were crying.† I squinted at my sister. â€Å"I heard you.† â€Å"I’m gonna have another baby, you know. That’s a big step. That’s a big thing.† She said this as though it explained everything. â€Å"You sound like an old lady. You’re only twenty, for Chrissake. You don’t have to live like this. Ma is wrong. You can be anything, Sourdi.† (Chai 140) This narration shows that Sourdi respects her mother’s wishes, even though she doesn’t necessarily agree with them. Commentary â€Å"I ran into the kitchen. I had this idea to get the cook and the cleaver, but the first thing that caught my eye was this little paring knife on the counter next to a bowl of oranges. I grabbed the knife and ran back out to Sourdi.† (Chai 129) This commentary shows that Nea is very protective of her sister and will do anything to help her. Part II â€Å"Saving Sourdi† is told from Nea’s point of view. If Sourdi or the mother was telling the story, it would be told completely different. If the story had been written from Sourdi’s point of view, we would know her feelings about the arranged marriage.We would also know her view of the relationship with her sister. If the story had been written from the mother’s point of view, we would know her reasons for wanting Sourdi to marry Mr. Chhay. We would also know more about her relationship with her daughters. Part III In â€Å"Saving Sourdi†, Nea’s culture affects the story because her family is Asian, and they are trying to adjust to life in America. This is important to take into consideration to understand why certain events are happening in the story. The fantasy of the American Dream is relevant to the story to show why they moved to America. The story states, â€Å"When we moved to South Dakota, I thought we’d find the real America, the one where we were supposed to be†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Corporate Social Responsibility And Competitive Advantage Theories Management Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility And Competitive Advantage Theories Management Essay Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance, is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. ¼Ã‹â€ Wood, D. 1991 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Kotler and Lee (2005) thought CSR is a commitment to community well-being through discretionary business practices and contributions of corporate resources. Ccorporate social responsibility includes human rights, employee rights, stakeholder rights, environmental protection, community relations, transparency and corruption. (Frynas, 2005) Competitive Advantage Competitive advantage is generally believed that the company holds the trumps in resources, capacity, and value created for customers, profit levels and market share and so on. Barney (1991) said a firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. The basis of a competitive advantage comprises low costs for raw materials and energy, efficient production technologies and locational advantages.(Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansjurgens,2005). The opportunities for competitive advantages derive from the following implications: regulation and information.(A. B. Jaffe, R. G. Newell, R. N. Stavins,2001) The relationship of CSR CA Porte (1995) identifies the objectives of environmental improvements and enhanced competitiveness can be combined in a win-win situation. There is no consensus that the relationship of Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Advantage. In this paper, the relationship between CSR stakeholders is analyzed. A model of CSR contribution to competitive advantage was built so as to study the relationship between CSR CA. CSR is divided into the main stakeholders investors, employees, consumers, business partners, natural environment, community and government responsibility, using the description of corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory framework. The essay described the competitive advantage from three dimensions: strategic resources, enterprise core competencies and business environment according to the comprehensive theory of competitive advantage. Main body CSR Enterprise Strategic Resources Barney (1991) analyzed competitive advantages from point of view of resources: Valuable, Rare, Imperfectly Imitable and Non-Substitutable. This essay selected two closely related resources with CSR to analyze: corporate reputation and corporate personnel. CSR Corporate Reputation Olins (1990) said that corporate reputation might be extended to a large range of product brands. Balmer (1998) Pointed out that corporate reputation finally is able to bring competitive advantage for enterprises and it is an important strategic resource. Corporate reputation comes from stakeholders; therefore, companies must be responsible to its stakeholders. That means CSR could effect corporate reputation, thus affecting t competitive advantage. Conversely, good reputation will also help companies to promote corporate social responsibility. Since the reputation determines attitude of the public and generates more favorable effect. Some multinational companies with high reputation, such as Wal-Mart, Starbucks, Nike and McDonalds fulfilled corporate social responsibility in brand-building to rebuild corporate reputation, image and corporate culture, thus enhanced the influence of brand. From a long-term perspective, corporate social responsibility is more conducive to enhance the long-term development and public image. CSR corporate personnel From the point of human resources, human capital is the basis for competitiveness. Staffs including employees and employers are makers, implementers, innovators and evaluators of core competitiveness of enterprises. Business survival and development depends on initiative and creativity of staff. Staff is the driving force for the development. Staff is a powerful competitive advantage to obtain protection. An enterprise survival depends on staff. Therefore, how to retain staff and how to develop staffs contribution of core competitiveness is the core issue. Companies must not only provide employees with reasonable salary and benefits, but also need to create equality, non-discrimination, safety and health, continuing training, working environment. All these are responsibility that enterprises must bear to employees. Staff loyalty and satisfaction result in competitively in the market. The enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities to their staff, such as attracting staff, retaining staff and stimulating creativity, which would have a positive impact. CSR Core Competencies CSR risk control capabilities Risk control is that managers have taken various measures and methods to eliminate or reduce various possibilities of risk, or to reduce losses caused by the incident. CSR that enterprise lead to its stakeholders could reduce the possibility and losses of risk, while appropriate penalties could be subject to ignoring the social responsibility. CSR business innovation Business innovation means such new methods or procedures that an enterprise uses its skills and resources to build new technology and products so that customer requirements can be changed or provide in better response. Business innovation includes product innovation, production process innovation and management innovation. Enterprises create new products and services by innovation to access to excess profits rather than average profit and win in the competition. Therefore, enhancing business innovation can obtain competitive advantage. In 2007, the British consulting firm Account Ability and CSR Network conducted Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment, and British Petroleum was ranking first. BP has also invested $20 million to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to resolve the problem in order to mitigate global warming. The result of carbon dioxide emissions was reduced by 10%in 2001 compared to 1990. And it also received $560 million of value-added returns. Therefore, CSR will stimulate innovation and bring benefits for enterprises. CSR the corporate environment A good relationship with stakeholders helps enterprises to expand market, win opportunities so as to form competitive advantage. CSR Consumer CSR the Natural Environment CSR Business Partners CSR Community CSR Government model Competitive Advantages Business partner Community Government Consumer Natural Environment Staff Corporate Environment Competencies environment mpetencies Transformation and Influence between CSR CA CSR can be transformed into competitive advantages. First, corporate social responsibility is good for optimizing the living environment. Corporate social responsibility can help corporations avoid condemnation, punishment and restrictions from government, community and the public so that decision-making and management are flexibility and autonomy. Maybe they enjoy preferential policies and incentives by government. Second, enterprises carry out their social responsibility to improve the public image, advance enterprises visibility, reputation, enhance social harmony, to attract consumers. All these can create a broader market and better development. Third, corporate social responsibility can cross international barriers. At present, corporate social responsibility has become accepted indicators of high standards and strict requirements. In an increasing economic globalization, corporate social responsibility would help enterprises to international markets, reduce the impact of social responsibility and enhance and upgrade competitiveness in the international market. Fourth, corporate social responsibility will help to attract talent. Corporations regularly involved in social responsibility are more well-known to easily recruit and retain talent. Fifth, corporate social responsibility will help improve financial performance, because Investors are always interested in responsible corporation.

Meno Essay -- essays research papers

There is not a great deal of context that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato's earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his own thought). Nonetheless, in order to understand the aims and achievements of the dialogue, it helps to keep in mind some details about this lack of previous philosophies. Since neither virtue nor any other concept has yet been defined in the way to which we are now accustomed, Socrates has to show that defining these things at all is a good idea. In this task, his primary foe is Greek cultural custom and the political aristocracy that most strongly embodies that custom. Meno, a prominent Thessalian who is visiting Athens, is a member of this class. Meno's semi-foreign status aids Socrates (and Plato) in the dialogue, allowing for eyewitness accounts that Socrates himself could not give. Thus, Meno is able to say with authority that the Thessalians do not have anyone who can clearly teach virtue, while Socrates (and Anytus, a prominent Athenian statesman) can vouch for the sorry state of affairs in Athens. Meno is also a handy interlocutor for this dialogue because he is a follower of Gorgias, one of the most reputable of the Sophist teachers, and knows the Thessalian Sophist community to some extent. He therefore serves as a Sophist foil for Socrates' logical points. This is not quite a fair fight, of course, since Plato can put whatever words he wants in Meno's mouth, and because Meno is not himself an accomplished Sophist (like Gorgias, who is the central figure in a much lengthier Platonic dialogue). Nonetheless, Socrates sets Meno up early on as a naive believer in the kind of pompous, elaborately rhetorical, but largely vacuous Sophist method of philosophy that had come to prominence some forty or fifty years earlier. Meno readily admits to being an enthusiastic follower of Gorgias and implicitly agrees to Socrates' characterization of Sophist arguments as bold, grand, and presumptuous. In this sense, Meno is something of a straw man set up by Plato to highl... ...ue as straight knowledge or as a kind of mysterious wisdom revealed to us by the gods "without understanding." It is seen as likely that most virtuous men are so by holding "right opinions" rather than true knowledge. Right opinions lead us to the same ends as knowledge, but do not stay with us because they are not "tied down" by an account of why they are right. Thus, we can only depend on semi-divine inspiration to keep us focused on right opinions rather than wrong ones. This dilemma brings us back to Socrates' (and Plato's) original purpose--the mode of dialogic analysis Socrates pursues with Meno is meant first of all to show up wrong opinions. Secondly, it is meant to clear the ground for an inversion of the whole sequence of right opinion and truth. If the requirements for a definition of virtue can be filled, we would no longer need to test out opinions blindly (as is done throughout the Meno). Rather, we would have an account of virtue first--an idea of virtue that is "tied down"--and could determine the details from there. The Meno only pursues the first part of this project, but it lays a great deal of groundwork for the second.

The Transformation of Hester in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Transformation of Hester in The Scarlet Letter The Puritans came from England in the sixteen hundreds to break free from the laws and regulations made by the king of England. In the new world, they were able to practice their own form of religion. The Puritans believed in God and His laws. "A Young Puritan's Code" was "Being sensible, that I am unable to do anything without God's help, I do humbly entreat him by his grace to enable me to keep these resolutions so far as they are agreeable to his will, for Christ sake." (Jonathan Edwards) And they had over fourteen resolutions to keep. Although this is Jonathan Edwards interpretation, it was most likely the way the Puritan lived. And they probably obeyed it out of fear for their life. For sinners are in the hands of a angry God. Many years later Nathaniel Hawthorn was greatly interested by the Puritans. This 19th-century American novelist, was born on July 4, in Salem, Massachusetts, and died May 11, 1864. He was the first American writer to apply artistic judgment to Puritan society. He was intrigued by the psychological insight into the complexities of human motivations and actions. In The Scarlet Letter, he expressed one of the central legacies of American Puritanism, using the plight of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale to illustrate the conflict between the desire to confess and the necessity of self-concealment. Hawthorne grew up with his two sisters and their widowed mother, and an uncle saw to his education at Bowdoin College. In 1852, Hawthorne wrote the campaign biography of Franklin Pierce, an old college friend. The best of Hawthorn's early fiction was gathered in Twice-Told Tales, Mosses from an Old Manse, and The Snow-Image. These capture the complexity's of the New England Puritan heritage. Hawthorne's writing had a wide range of influence upon people, such as Melville who dedicated the great classic Moby-Dick to him. One of Hawthorne's most famous novels is The Scarlet Letter. One of his characters (Hester Prynne) is changed throughout the novel. Hester changes three different times, from being a shamed woman to a capable women and then to a healer. Hester Prynne emerges from the prison, proud and beautiful wearing

Colombian Democracy Essay -- Politics Political Science

Colombian Democracy There is a practical problem to capturing a cogent understanding of Colombia in a single snapshot. There are two realities of Colombia scholars use to frame analysis of the birthplace of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s magical realism: â€Å"armed conflict† and â€Å"political democracy.† These phenomena are a defining feature of modern Colombia. They have coexisted since 1958 when the National Front political pact ended intra-elite conflict in La Violencia but failed to guarantee a stable social order. In a sense, Colombian society was never successfully â€Å"pacified† in the way its neighboring nations were. The question of whether and how these two realities will be linked in the future is what stimulates my interest in this Andean nation. To submit an intelligible diagnosis and prospective commentary about Colombian democracy, it is worthwhile to review how scholarship treats the trajectory of this unique arrangement. Divorced research approaches to studying Colombia For a number of reasons, under the current administration of President Alvaro Uribe the tradition of utilizing an integrative approach to understanding the tortuous epic of Colombian democracy and violence is diminishing in credibility. In general, divorcing the realities of the Western hemisphere’s second oldest â€Å"democracy† (defined as the electoral party politics practiced in Bogotà ¡ and other urban centers) and the significant violent resistance and repression which characterize vast rural areas from one another by politicians is a means to establishing a binary of terrorism and democracy. The corollary is often to promulgate attractive panacea-like policy prescriptions. In the academy, scholars too can fall victim to this oversimplification an... ...d de Chile, Instituto de Ciencia Politica, Vol. 42, Fall 2004, 1-25. Pizarro, Eduardo, Una democracia asediadaa, Bogotà ¡: Grupo Editorial Norma, 2004. Posada-Carbà ³, Eduardo, ed., The Politcs of Reforming the State, London: Institute for Latin America Studies, University of London, 1998. Richani, Nazih, Systems of Violence The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. Vargas, Ricardo, â€Å"State, Esprit Mafioso, and Armed Conflict in Colombia,† in Burt, Jo-Marie and Mauricci, Philip, eds., Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, Reform, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004. Whitehead, Laurence, â€Å"Reforms: Colombia and Mexico,† in Garreton, Manuel A and Newman, Edward, eds., Democracy in Latin America: Reconstructing Political Society, New York: United Nations University Press, 2002.

Final study guide

Final Exam Study Guide Know these people Carl Linnaeus- Swedish botanist who established a system for naming species that is still in use today; two-part name unique to each type of organism Jean Baptists Lamarckian-proposed that individuals change in response to challenges posed by the environment and the changed traits are then passed on to offspring Charles Darwin- said that species change over time but do not progress; individual variation is important and variation is what drives evolution Biodiversity How many species have been described? Approximately 1. 5 million (114 of all species) How many species remain to be described? What animals account for the greatest amount of species diversity? Insects How do we estimate biodiversity? Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, change through time -variety and variability of life on earth, measured by species What are ecosystem services? Processes that increase the quality of the biotic environment -atmosphere and c limate, freshwater, nutrient cycling, pollination, pest population, disease What is an ecological footprint?How many additional planet earths would be required if all humans had the ecological footprint of an American? 4 planets Why is biodiversity important? Why study biodiversity? Economical and biological benefits Science What is a theory and how does it differ from a hypothesis? Well a hypothesis is a possible or tentative explanation for scientific findings that a scientist discovered during research. A theory is a tested by other scientists who get the same results as the previous scientists hypothesis Evolution and Natural Selection Why did Darwin delay the publication of The Origin of Species?Because of â€Å"special creation† was still very popular What is unfamiliarity's and how does it relate to the process of Natural Selection? Their ideas both relied on low changes over time rather than cataclysmic events that caused sudden upheaval or change What is a geometric progression;- -is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio -population growth what is an arithmetic progression? -increases by a constant difference (e. . , units of 1 or 2 or 3) -food supply -supply gradually increases with large population jumps How do these relate to populations and natural selection? – lack of resources causes competition Review the medium ground finch study (Gasping forties). What type of selection? Directional selection What influenced beak size? Since only big seeds became available, individuals with particularly large and deep beaks were more likely to crack these fruits efficiently enough to survive How did this relate to rainfall? He drought cause the sources of seeds as food to decline What are the conditions necessary for Natural Selection? – individuals vary -some variations are heritable -more offspring are produced than can survive - individuals with traits that confer an advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce What are the agents of evolutionary change – review notes on tuition, coneflower, nonrandom mating, genetic drift.Mutation-constantly introduces new alleles at all loci -increases genetic diversity in population -ultimate source of all genetic variability -random with respect to fitness Gene Flow- the movement of alleles from one population to another -random with respect to fitness -tends equalize allele frequencies among populations Nonrandom matting- nonrandom mating between relatives -causes inbreeding depression -helps selection weed out deleterious alleles Genetic Drift- any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due o chance (luck, sampling error) ;causes allele frequencies to drift up and down randomly over time What is fitness? The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in that population What is artificial selection? S elective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits How does natural selection produce major change? Trial selection is the tendency of the ones best suited to survive in their environment to survive longer and pass on their genes more often – those genes then become more common and the harmful rations die out, gradually reshaping all life and fine-tuning it to it's environment. What is homology? The occurrence of similar features in different species because they both inherited the trait from a common ancestor What is the most common cause Of homophony? -convergent evolution -occurs when natural selection favors similar solutions to problems posed by a similar way of life What is a vestigial structure? Any rudimentary structure of unknown or minimal function that is homologous to functioning structures in other species -are thought to reflect evolutionary history How do imperfect structures relate to the theory of evolution b y Natural Selection?If evolution is true, then â€Å"imperfect design† is expected, because natural selection works to make an organism well-adapted, but not perfectly adapted, to their environment What is convergent evolution? Review the fish ichthyology example from class and the text. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments. Starting about 200 million years ago, these marine reptiles evolved body plans (and behavioral patterns) strikingly similar to those of odder dolphins and bluffing tuna (great example of convergent evolution) Be able to recognize disruptive, directional, stabilizing selection.Disruptive both extremes are favored, and the average phenotype is selected against – relatively rare -maintains genetic variation -plays a role in speciation-the generation of new species Directional- one extreme is favored, and the average phenotype (and the other extreme) is selected against -changes th e average value of a trait Stabilizing- reduces genetic variation -the average phenotype is favored, and both extremes are selected against – he average value of the trait does not change over time What is the difference between macroeconomics- Large-scale evolution occurring over geologic time that results in the formation of new taxonomic groups. ND microinstruction – evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies Hardy-Weinberg You will not be asked to do any Hardy-Weinberg calculations What is the basic tenet of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem? When alleles are transmitted via meiosis and random combination of gametes, their frequencies do not change over time -for evolution to occur, some other actor or factors must come into play -if the frequencies of alleles AH and AH in a population are given by p and q, then the frequencies of genotypes AH AH , AH AH, and AAA will be given by pa, ops, and sq for generation after generatio n What are the assumptions of the H-W Theorem? O natural selection -no genetic drift (no random allele frequency changes) -no gene flow via immigration or emigration -no mutation -random mating (with respect to the gene in question) pa -the predicted frequency of the offspring AH AH genotype* ops-the predicted frequency of the offspring AI genotype + sq -the predicted regency of the offspring AAA genotype= 1 : what are the allele frequencies, what are the genotype frequencies in a non-evolving population? Frequency of dominant allele the frequency of the recessive allele frequency of AAA (homozygous dominant) ops= frequency of AAA (heterozygous) sq= frequency of AAA (homozygous recessive) How do you recognize a population not in H-W equilibrium? If it does not equal one Why would a population not be in H-W equilibrium? B/c changes would occur and that would not be realistic Species and speciation Review the Biological Species Concept. Cost widely accepted concept -defines species as a population or group whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring Be able to differentiate between Predating/Precocity-individuals of different species are prevented from mating, Postdating/Precocity and Posthypnotic- when individuals from different populations do mate, but species will have low fitness or fitness or offspring will be sterile barriers. What are the predating-Factors which cause species to mate with their own kind (assertive mating) and postdating barriers-Genomic incompatibility, hybrid amiability or sterility What are posthypnotic barriers? What is a hybrid?Temporal isolation-populations are isolated because they breed at different times Habitat Isolation- populations are isolated because they breed in different habitats Behavioral Isolation- populations do not interbreed because their courtship displays differ Gametes Barrier- mating fail because eggs and sperm are incompatible Mechanical Isolatio n- mating fail because male and female reproductive structures are incompatible Hybrid Viability- hybrid offspring do not develop normally and die as embryos Hybrid Sterility- hybrid offspring mature but are sterile as adults Hybrid-the offspring of parents from two different strains, populations, or species In very general terms what does the Biological Species Concept state about the nature of species? What are some of the problems with the Biological Species Concept? Tot applicable to asexual or fossil species; difficult to assess if populations do not overlap geographically Be able to define the terms symmetric-occurs even though gene flow is possible; is rare or nonexistent – even though symmetric populations are not physically isolated, they may be isolated by preferences for different habitats and allophonic- begins with physical isolation via either dispersal or vicariate What is the phylogeny species concept? -based on reconstructing the evolutionary history of popul ations What is the morphological species concept? Identifies evolutionary independent lineages by differences in morphological features – based on the idea that distinguishing features are most likely to arise if populations are independent and isolated from gene flow The Fossil Record and Mass extinctions What are the different types of facsimiled materials?Thousandth Microfossils- first animals on Earth -include tiny sponges Dedicated faunas- -include sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies as well as facsimiled burrows, tracks, and other traces from unidentified animals -small, have no shells, limbs, heads, mouths, or feeding appendages -sat immobile on the seafloor, or floated in the Water Burgess Shale Faunas- sponges, jellyfish, and comb jellies, arthropods, and mollusks -tremendous increase in the size and morphological complexity of animals occurred, accompanied by diversification in how they made a living Fossil Intermediate- we can see the bridge between where we start ed and here we are now with these intermediate fossils How are rocks in fossils preserved?What are fossil intermediates? What was the Cambrian Explosion? When did it occur? About 563 million years ago What is a mass extinction? How many are there in the paleontologist record? Result from extraordinary, sudden, and temporary changes in the environment , 5 records What is the sixth mass extinction? The ongoing extinction of Earth's creatures caused by humans What are some of the putative causes for the Permian mass extinction? When did it occur? What percentage of species went extinct? 0% 251 million years ago When was the KIT mass extinction? 65 million What is the evidence that points to an asteroid strike as the trigger of the KIP extinction?Sedimentary rocks that formed at the KIT boundary contain very high amounts of iridium (rare on Earth, common in meteorites) -In Haiti, shocked quartz and micrometeorites are abundant in rock layers from this time period -The huge crater off th e coast of Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Review the timing and general characterizations of the Paleozoic-saw the origin and initial diversification of the animals, land plants, and fungi, as well as the appearance of land animals, Pre-Cambrian-life was exclusively unicellular for most Of Earth's history -oxygen was virtually absent from the oceans and atmosphere for almost 2 billion years after the origin of life, Mesozoic- extinction of dinosaurs -in terrestrial environments of the Mesozoic, gymnosperms were the most important plants and dinosaurs were the most important vertebrates, Cenozoic-on land, angiosperms were the most important plants and mammals were the most important vertebrates and Cambrian Phylogeny How does the principle of parsimony apply to phylogeny reconstruction? Deer parsimony, the most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change -a computer compares the branching patterns that are theoretically possible and counts the number of changes in DNA sequences required to produce each pattern Define the following terms: contemporary-a trait found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others -homologous trait (inherited from a common ancestor), Primitive A structure which is NOT exclusively shared only by all members of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -cannot be used to extinguish between members of a group because all actually or ancestrally possess the Structure -Example: Vertebrae are possessed by all birds but also by all other vertebrates.Possession of vertebrae cannot be used to distinguish the birds from other batteries since all batteries including birds share that trait, ancestral-A trait shared by all members of a group through a common ancestor. , derived-A structure which IS exclusively shared ONLY by all members of a group by virtue of descent from a common ancestor -Example: Among vertebrates, feathers are possessed by all birds ND by NO OTHER VERTEBRATE -Possession of feathers CAN be used to didst anguish the birds from other batteries since no batteries except birds share that trait.. Of the above which provide the only real evidence for relationship? Derived Trait How do you establish if a character is derived or ancestral (hint: outgrip and ingrown)- Assume that the character in the outgrip is ancestral.Fifth character is different in the ingrown, then it is considered derived -To determine whether a character is ancestral or derived compare the character in the ingrown with that of the outgrip Define: monopolistic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others (also called a clawed or lineage), paralytic-an evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and some but not all of its descendants -meaningful unit in evolution, polytechnic-composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor. Be able to recognize the above terms within the context of a phylogeny tree. O f the above terms which one is preferred? – monopolistic group Which is most likely the reality of any group? Reparability group Prokaryote (study sections 28. And 28. 3) What feature has contributed significantly to bacterial diversity? Be able to differentiate been gram-positive- have cell walls composed of a thick layer of pedagogical -bacteria that look purple when treated with a gram strain and gram-negative-bacteria that look pink when treated with a gram stain bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thin layer of pedagogical and an outer phosphoric layer bacteria. Review bacterial metabolic diversity (heterodox-acquire carbon containing compounds from other organisms, lithograph-oxidize inorganic ions such as ammonia or methane to fuel cellular aspiration etc. What features distinguish Reach-no nuclear envelope -circular chromosome -all unicellular -flagella spin like bacterial flagella, but in a distinctive molecular composition have unique phosphoric in their plasma membranes, Bacteria-no nuclear envelope -have pedagogical in their cell walls -flagella spin like propeller -almost all unicellular and Eukaryote-nuclear envelope -flagella undulate back and forth? Are prokaryote monopolistic-yes, because there are two main lineages that diverged very early in the history of life Protests (study sections 29. 1 , 29. 2 and 29. ) What is the domain Eukaryote? What is the endometriosis origin of eukaryote – who proposed it and what is the evidence supporting it?Mitochondria are most closely related to what group of bacteria – to what group are chloroplasts most closely related? Do protests form a monopolistic group? What groups must be included? Land Plants (study sections 30. 1 and 30. 3) What group is most closely related to land plants? Green Algae What features were the main features that allowed plants to inhabit and subsequently diversify on land? Terrestrial habitats have more sunlight and more CA than aquatic habitats -Preventing water loss: cuticle and stomata -upright growth and vascular tissue Review the general features of land plant phylogeny. What were the major features to evolve over the course of land plant history?

Medieval baghdad

Europe there was the Saxons, the Vikings and the franks, these were the three sides of conflict. Europe was filled with violence, illiterate people, superstition and no medical knowledge. They still believed that disease was caused by evil spirits or god(s).. The Islamic empire can reveal a respect for knowledge from all cultures; this made it significant. In their hospitals and pharmacies they would let anyone practice as a doctor. Also they would let anyone be a patient no matter what culture, country or religion. This reveals that the Islamic empire was religiously tolerant.It also is remarkable as the scholars were the first people to build hospitals with different wards for different illnesses. The scholars also collected knowledge from all countries and religions because it didn't what race you are, if you have new knowledge it was valuable. They collected knowledge from India, china, Greece, Italy, all over the empire: in fact it would take someone a whole year to go from one side of the empire to the other. This shows that they were willing to give up at least a year of their time to collect knowledge.Medieval Baghdad should be remembered for the contribution it made to our lives today. The scholars discoveries in medicine are still relevant today as they were the first people to do complicated surgeries. This includes cesareans and eye surgeries. What was remarkable was the fact that they had a 60% success rate on the eye surgeries. Our knowledge of medicinal practices would not be advanced if it were not for them. The scholars gathered information like a new way of writing numbers. This meant that they could write all the numbers from O to infinity with only 10 humbly.The person who did this was called AAA-Swarming. In fact we would not have any computerized technology without the numbers O or 1. This resulted in change as they found a whole new way Of writing numbers which actually made calculations easier. The layout of the city of Baghdad which had double walls and only certain places that you could enter inspired the design of the castles in Europe. Our castle would not the same in any way, shape or form if it were not for the architects designing the city of Baghdad.Also they would not have defended s well if it were not for them either. The reason we do not remember Baghdad for what it used to be is because there is no record of the books they wrote or that they collected the knowledge. Baghdad lost power over its empire as the smaller caliphs decided that they did not want to know more about science, math or astronomy. People called the Mongols destroyed the library which had held all of the books and knowledge that they had spent so long collecting.

Examine the roles of the witches in ‘Macbeth’ Essay

In the Elizabethan times, the people believed in witches and witchcraft. They were described as ugly and evil. Nowadays the people would not believe in them. The people in the Elizabethan times would be very scared of witches. This was equivalent to the people of nowadays being frightened about terrorists. The people thought that they were powerful beings. They thought that they would cast spells on them; they thought that the witches were the ones that influenced the weather and also someone’s personality. They were most likely to be old women with moles on their body. If the people wanted to find out if someone was a witch or not, they would tie the woman onto a ducking stool and then place them under the water for along time. If the people saw that the woman was dead they would definitely be relieved, as the woman would not be a witch. If the woman survived for a long time in the water then the people would take the woman out and then burn them or they would hang them. For people to be terrified by witches was very common. This was very good for William Shakespeare because then he could make the play much more frightening. This would be equivalent to a horror film nowadays. There are three or four scenes in the book, which include the witches. In the beginning the witches are just making plans about where to meet again. They say that they are going to meet Macbeth on top of the Heath. This scene is important because this is where the witches are telling the audience about where they are going to make the predictions. Another scene that involves the witches is when they are explaining the predictions to Macbeth and Banquo. The three predictions are: Macbeth will be Thane of Cawdor: â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee Thane of Cawdor† He will be king: â€Å"All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king here after† Banquo’s children will be king after: (to Banquo) â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none† Macbeth is very surprised at this point because he says to himself, â€Å"The Thane of Cawdor lives† These predictions are very important because they set the scene for the rest of the play. Further into the book, Macbeth kills King Duncan and Banquo. This happens because the predictions that witches made are coming true. Macbeth wants to know more information about the predictions, † Stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more† The witches are very important and play a very vital role in the story. They are the ones that made the predictions and they are also the ones that Macbeth needs guidance from. The witches would not be very realistic for a modern audience because the people nowadays don’t believe in witches. In the Elizabethan times the scenes with the witches would be very terrifying and horrific for the audience because the people of that time would believe in witches and thought that they were evil and possessed special powers. Nowadays, the audience because of good acting would appreciate the people who would act as witches, and they would also think that the story was well written. The audience would be as horrified with the apparitions as they would be with the scenes with the witches. A modern audience will find the scene very interesting. The two characters that meet the witches are Macbeth and Banquo. When they met the witches, both of them had different views about them. When Macbeth sees the witches he says, â€Å"Speak if you can: what are you?† Macbeth believed in the predictions that the witches made and he took it very seriously. On the other hand Banquo takes it more lightly as it would not affect him, it would affect his children. The audience in the Elizabethan times would favour Macbeth more than Banquo as Macbeth takes the witches much more seriously. Nowadays, not many people would believe in witches and witchcraft and so would not believe in the spells and predictions. The people nowadays would favour Banquo. Banquo and the people of nowadays would agree that the predictions are not true. He has a dream and he starts to believe in the witches, â€Å"To you they have show’d some truth† This shows that Banquo’s views seem to change. Macbeth starts to take the witches much more seriously when he finds out that their predictions are coming true. There is a lot of dramatic impact in the play. The drama includes the battles in the beginning when the Norwegians try to take over Scotland; the murders of king Duncan and Banquo; the hallucination that Macbeth sees with the dagger, which is full of blood and it, is taking him towards killing king Duncan; and the witches with their spells and the predictions. The witches are some of the most important characters in the play because they are the ones who cast the spells and also make the important predictions. The witches would make a dramatic impact on the stage. When the witches cast the spells then the audience would react in a terrified manner. They would believe in what they see because they believed that it was possible that witches existed and it reflected reality. During the Elizabethan times there would have been a lot of limitations. For the battles they were missing sound effects and also the music had to played live instead of a recording; the costumes were not very good; when the witches needed to vanish there was no smoke effect which would make it much more realistic, but they did have a trap door; the problem that there was while performing the part of the witches was that females were not allowed to play, so they had to be played by men; the scenery was unsatisfactory; and they did not have lights which meant that they had to perform during the day. An Elizabethan director would portray the witches as being ugly and terrifying. The witches would probably wear masks that would have a mole on the face. They would try to make them look like old women because these are the kinds of people that the public thought were witches. The director would try to make it realistic just to add dramatic impact. An Elizabethan audience would react in a different way compared to a modern audience. An Elizabethan audience would be terrified as this would be equivalent to a horror film nowadays. They would have thought of the witches as being symbols of evil. A modern director would have a bigger advantage when setting up the play. There would be a lot of facilities that the director could use. He could use the sound effects for the battles; thunder and lightening for when witches were casting a spell; projection; women would allowed to play which would make it much more realistic; there would be better scenery; they could use curtains at the end of the scene just to explain to the audience that the scene was over; and also a modern director could use recorded music instead of having a live band. A modern director might portray the witches the same way that the directors in the Elizabethan times would have except that the part of the witches would be played by real characters. They might use special effects to show witches disappear. A modern audience would react differently after watching the play. They would not believe in witches because they know that it has been proven that witches don’t exist. A modern audience would not react to the play as if it was a horror film but they would think of the play as being very good and interesting. They would watch it for entertainment and the special effects would have dramatic impact on the audience. The impact on the audience would change over the years. The people would not believe in it because they will know that it is proven that witches don’t exist which is why the reaction of the audience would change over time. There were a lot of differences between Elizabethan and modern interpretations of the witches. The director in the Elizabethan times would make the witches wear costumes, and they would try to make them scary for the audience. The audience in the Elizabethan time would be scared as they thought witches were real, whereas a modern audience would not think of it as a horror film but as an interesting story.

Exam 2

BIOS102- 250  Fall  2012  Sample  Second  Exam MULTIPLE  CHOICE. Choose  the  one  alternative  that  best  completes  the  statement  or  answers  the  question. 1) Which  of  the  following  statements  describes  NAD + ? A) In  the  absence  of  NAD + ,  glycolysis  can  still  function. B) NAD+   is  reduced  to  NADH  during  glycolysis,  pyruvate  oxidation,  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. C) NAD+   can  donate  electrons  for  use  in  oxidative  phosphorylation. D) NAD+   has  more  chemical  energy  than  NADH. E) NAD+   is  oxidized  by  the  action  of  hydrogenases. ) During  glycolysis,  when  each  molecule  of  glucose  is  catabolized  to  two  molecules  of  pyruvate,  most  of  the potential  energy  contained  in  glucose  is A) stored  in  the  NADH  produced. B) transferred  directl y  to  ATP. C) transferred  to  ADP,  forming  ATP. D) retained  in  the  two  pyruvates. E) used  to  phosphorylate  fructose  to  form  fructose  6 – phosphate. 3) Starting  with  one  molecule  of  glucose,  the  energy – containing  products  of  glycolysis  are A) 6  CO2 ,  30  ATP,  and  2  pyruvate. B) 2  NAD+ ,  2  pyruvate,  and  2  ATP. C) 6  CO2 ,  2  ATP,  and  2  pyruvate. D) 2  FADH2 ,  2  pyruvate,  and  4  ATP. E) 2  NADH,  2  pyruvate,  and  2  ATP. ) Why  is  glycolysis  described  as  having  an  investment  phase  and  a  payoff  phase? A) It  uses  stored  ATP  and  then  forms  a  net  increase  in  ATP. B) It  both  splits  molecules  and  assembles  molecules. C) It  uses  glucose  and  generates  pyruvate. D) It  attaches  and  detaches  phosphate  group s. E) It  shifts  molecules  from  cytosol  to  mitochondrion. 5) The  primary  role  of  oxygen  in  cellular  respiration  is  to A) combine  with  lactate,  forming  pyruvate. B) yield  energy  in  the  form  of  ATP  as  it  is  passed  down  the  respiratory  chain. C) act  as  an  acceptor  for  electrons  and  hydrogen,  forming  water. D) combine  with  carbon,  forming  CO 2 .E) catalyze  the  reactions  of  glycolysis. 6) In  liver  cells,  the  inner  mitochondrial  membranes  are  about  five  times  the  area  of  the  outer  mitochondrial membranes. What  purpose  must  this  serve? A) It  increases  the  surface  for  oxidative  phosphorylation. B) It  allows  for  an  increased  rate  of  glycolysis. C) It  increases  the  surface  for  substrate – level  phosphorylation. D) It  allo ws  the  liver  cell  to  have  fewer  mitochondria. E) It  allows  for  an  increased  rate  of  the  citric  acid  cycle. 1 7) In  the  absence  of  oxygen,  yeast  cells  can  obtain  energy  by  fermentation,  resulting  in  the  production  of A) ATP,  pyruvate,  and  acetyl  CoA.B) ATP,  CO2 ,  and  lactate. C) ATP,  NADH,  and  pyruvate. D) ATP,  pyruvate,  and  oxygen. E) ATP,  CO2 ,  and  ethanol  (ethyl  alcohol). 8) Phosphofructokinase  is  an  allosteric  enzyme  that  catalyzes  the  conversion  of  fructose  6 – phosphate  to  fructose 1,6- bisphosphate,  an  early  step  of  glycolysis. In  the  presence  of  oxygen,  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  ATP  in  a cell  would  be  expected  to A) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  increase  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and   the  citric  acid  cycle. B) activate  the  enzyme  and  thus  slow  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. C) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  slow  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle.D) inhibit  the  enzyme  and  thus  increase  the  rate  of  glycolysis  and  the  concentra tion  of  citrate. E) activate  the  enzyme  and  increase  the  rates  of  glycolysis  and  the  citric  acid  cycle. 9) Which  of  the  events  listed  below  occurs  in  the  light  reactions  of  photosynthesis? A) Carbon  dioxide  is  incorporated  into  PGA. B) NADP  is  produced. C) Light  is  absorbed  and  funneled  to  reaction – center  chlorophyll  a. D) ATP  is  phosphorylated  to  yield  ADP. E) NADPH  is  reduced  to  NADP + . 10) Which  of  the  following   statements  best  describes  the  relationship  between  photosynthesis  and  respiration?A) Respiration  is  anabolic  and  photosynthesis  is  catabolic. B) ATP  molecules  are  produced  in  photosynthesis  and  used  up  in  respiration. C) Photosynthesis  stores  energy  in  complex  organic  molecules,  whereas  respiration  releases  it. D) Photosynthesis  occurs  only  in  plants  and  respiration  occurs  only  in  animals. E) Respiration  runs  the  biochemical  pathways  of  photosynthesis  in  reverse. 11) In  thylakoids,  protons  travel  through  ATP  synthase  from  the  thylakoid  space  to  the  stroma. Therefore,  the catalytic  ? knobs? of  ATP  synthase  would  be  located A) on  the  ATP  molecules  themselves.B) built  into  the  center  of  the  thylakoid  stack  (granum). C) on  the  pi gment  molecules  of  photosystem  I  and  photosystem  II. D) on  the  stromal  side  of  the  membrane. E) on  the  side  facing  the  thylakoid  space. 12) What  is  the  primary  function  of  the  Calvin  cycle? A) use  ATP  to  release  carbon  dioxide B) use  NADPH  to  release  carbon  dioxide C) synthesize  simple  sugars  from  carbon  dioxide D) split  water  and  release  oxygen E) transport  RuBP  out  of  the  chloroplast 2 13) Photorespiration  occurs  when  rubisco  reacts  RuBP  with A) 3 – phosphoglycerate. B) CO 2 . C) O2 . D) glyceraldehyde  3 – phosphate. E) NADPH. 4) Compared  to  C 3   plants,  C 4   plants A) make  a  four- carbon  compound,  oxaloacetate,  which  is  then  delivered  to  the  citric  acid  cycle  in mitochondria. B) have  higher  rates  of  photorespiration. C) can   continue  to  fix  CO 2   even  at  relatively  low  CO2 concentrations  and  high  oxygen  concentrations. D) grow  better  under  cool,  moist  conditions. E) do  not  use  rubisco  for  carbon  fixation. 15) Taxol  is  an  anticancer  drug  extracted  from  the  Pacific  yew  tree. In  animal  cells,  Taxol  disrupts  microtubule formation  by  binding  to  microtubules  and  accelerating  their  assembly  from  the  protein  precursor,  tubulin. Surprisingly,  this  stops  mitosis.Specifically,  Taxol  must  affect A) the  formation  of  the  mitotic  spindle. B) the  S  phase  of  the  cell  cycle. C) formation  of  the  centrioles. D) chromatid  assembly. E) anaphase. 16) Measurements  of  the  amount  of  DNA  per  nucleus  were  taken  on  a  large  number  of  cells  from  a  growing fungus. The  measured  DNA  levels  ranged  from  3  to  6  picograms  per  nucleus. In  which  stage  of  the  cell  cycle did  the  nucleus  contain  6  picograms  of  DNA? A) G1 B) G0 C) M D) S E) G2 17) What  is  a  cleavage  furrow? A) a  ring  of  vesicles  forming  a  cell  plate B) the  metaphase  plate  where  chromosomes  attach  to  the  spindle C) the  separation  of  divided  prokaryotesD) the  space  that  is  created  between  two  chromatids  during  anaphase E) a  groove  in  the  plasma  membrane  between  daughter  nuclei 18) Which  of  the  following  describe(s)  cyclin- dependent  kinase  (Cdk)? A) Cdk  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle  and  is  an  enzyme  that  attaches  phosphate  groups  to  other proteins. B) Cdk  is  inactive,  or  ? turned  off,? in  the  presence  of   cyclin. C) Cdk  is  an  enzyme  that  attaches  phosphate  groups  to  other  proteins. D) Cdk  is  inactive,  or  ? turned  off,? in  the  presence  of  cyclin  and  it  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle.E) Cdk  is  present  throughout  the  cell  cycle. 3 19) Why  do  neurons  and  some  other  specialized  cells  divide  infrequently? A) They  no  longer  carry  receptors  for  signal  molecules. B) They  no  longer  have  active  nuclei. C) They  have  been  shunted  into  G 0 . D) They  can  no  longer  bind  Cdk  to  cyclin. E) They  show  a  drop  in  MPF  concentration. 20) For  a  chemotherapeutic  drug  to  be  useful  for  treating  cancer  cells,  which  of  the  following  is  most  desirable? A) It  only  attacks  cells  that  are  density  dependent. B) It  interferes  with  cells  entering  G0 . C) It  interferes  with  rapidly  dividing  cells. Exam 2

Culture of the Nacirema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture of the Nacirema - Essay Example I personally have not read about any case studies of "primitive" people who are so economically-minded, and a well-developed market system like this is proof for me of how civilized the Nacirema are. A second positive aspect is how well-knit the families are. Every house has a shrine where they cleanse their bodies and everyone enters this room "in succession" (Miner, n.d). Parents openly discuss purification rites with the children (Miner, n.d) and see it of utmost importance to initiate their children. The entire family has a common pursuit, desire to purify the body, which keeps them connected to each other. A third positive aspect is the fact that they put a lot of emphasis in cleansing and purifying the body. They are obsessed with hygiene and appearance, and I find it interesting that they share the belief that most people in developed, modern societies have, that good appearance have an effect on "social relationships," (Miner, n.d). This makes sense since I myself would not b e attracted to people who are unclean and dirty. A fourth positive aspect of the Nacirema is how they have a "listener", who for me is the equivalent of a psychotherapist. The listener simply listens to what his clients tell him about their problems (Miner, n.d). Lastly, it's interesting to see how the entire Nacirema society is neatly distinguished into different social roles; there are medicine men, herbalists, mouth men for example, and they are all highly trained in their own professions. Â  One negative aspect of the Nacirema is that they are a greedy people; they desire gifts at every service rendered and people are not entered into the latipso shrines for treatment if they cannot afford a gift to the healers, no matter how ill they are (Miner, n.d).